Subject: Ghana Denounces Margai's Claim
From: JOHN KUFFOUR
To: All
Date Posted: 14:39:03 07/05/07 ()
Email Address:
Entered From: ac202-025.resnet.stonybrook.edu at 130.245.202.25

Message:
Sierra Leone: Ghana Denounces Margai's Claim

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Concord Times (Freetown)

4 July 2007
Posted to the web 5 July 2007

Mariama Kandeh
Freetown

The Ghana High Commission Tuesday denied the claim made by the leader of the People's Movement for Democratic Change (PMDC), Charles Francis Margai, in the Monday July 2 publication of the Concord Times newspaper titled 'Kabbah sold the rice in Ghana'.

This denial was made in a press release issued by the High Commission.

Margai's claim was that President Kabbah sold the controversial two ships of rice donated to Sierra Leone by the Libyan government to Ghana.

"The High Commission wishes to inform the good people of Sierra Leone that on no occasion did H.E President Ahmad Tejan Kabbah sell rice in Ghana during his tenure of office as President of the Republic of Sierra Leone," the release stated.

The release noted that the relationship between Ghana and Sierra Leone under President Kufour and President Kabbah has assumed new heights and nothing should be done to mar the cordial relations existing between the sister countries.

The Ghana High Commission expressed hope that the statement will put the rice issue to rest once and for all and that the allegations and rumors about Sierra Leone rice sold in Ghana should not create public animosity and dissatisfaction for peaceful, law abiding and good Ghanaians residing in Sierra Leone.

Subject: Re: Ghana Denounces Margai's Claim
From: foday mansaray
To: All
Date Posted: 14:52:48 07/05/07 ()
Email Address: fmansaray@aol.com
Entered From: at 74.8.30.110

Message:
RO KON GOAT NA SWEBEH, THE KIRI-BE-KA RA BA NA SWEBEH
SLPP FULL OF SWEBEH.THIS IS THE NEW SONG FOR MY SLPP FRIENDS.

BON VOYAGE.

Subject: MARGAI PROMISED US CARS AND BICYCLES
From: PMDC
To: All
Date Posted: 14:36:55 07/05/07 ()
Email Address:
Entered From: ac202-025.resnet.stonybrook.edu at 130.245.202.25

Message:
Sierra Leone: PMDC Supporters Defect to SLPP

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Concord Times (Freetown)

4 July 2007
Posted to the web 5 July 2007

Alhaji Grba in Bo
Freetown

Members of the Student Coalition of the Peoples Movement for Democratic Change (PMDC) pledged their support for the ruling Sierra Leone Peoples Party Friday.

The ceremony, which took place at the SLPP party office in Bo, was witnessed by the Minister of Local Government and other important SLPP stewards.

Chairman of the Student Coalition of the PMDC Abdul Saw said that they are sorry for leaving the party to join the SLPP, adding that they were mislead by the PMDC, for failing to fulfill its' promise of providing them bicycles and cars.

"It is now clear that the SLPP is the only way forward for the people of the Sierra Leone," he said, adding that for any meeting they were holding under the PMDC, they were required to pay Le 500.

District Secretary of the SLPP J.B Allie said that they are happy to receive the students back to the party, adding that it is not the first time such developments have happened in the party.

He assured them that they will be well-secured as long as they are in the SLPP and noted that his party is the way forward for the development of the country.

He concluded by advising them to work assiduously in order for the party to win the August 11 election.

Subject: The Kambia Appeal, UK
From: Philantropist
To: All
Date Posted: 14:35:07 07/05/07 ()
Email Address:
Entered From: ac202-025.resnet.stonybrook.edu at 130.245.202.25

Message:
The Kambia Appeal, UK
Achievements since June 2006

1. We have now changed the name of the charity from The Kambia Hospital Appeal to The Kambia Appeal, UK, to reflect the widening of our support beyond the hospital to some of the district’s health centres, and to allow us to support other projects beyond “health”, such as school education, if we so wish in the future.

2. The Kambia Appeal now has a new Project Manager in Sierra Leone. Mr Moses Kabba, former head teacher at Kolenten School has been working for us since September and has made great progress in working with the Ministry of Health and the Kambia District Council on our behalf.

3. We are in the process of registering the Kambia Appeal, UK, as an international NGO in Sierra Leone. Although we have been a registered charity in the UK since our inception in 1992, it is now necessary to register locally as well. As an NGO we will have automatic duty-free status on all consignments of goods we send.

4. We are also about to have a permanent base in Kambia, the house and compound previously occupied by MSF. From 8 June we will be able to offer visiting medical staff and students from the UK a comfortable place to stay, close to the hospital. With MSF leaving Kambia this week, there will be an even greater need for medical personnel to help at the hospital, so we hope to establish a rolling programme of visits by doctors, nurses and midwives over the coming years. All those who wish to apply..............

5. Our project to renovate the health centre at Barmoi, a town about 16 miles from the Kambia hospital, is now underway. The contractor has started work on the staff quarters, and the local paramount chief is providing alternative accommodation during the work so that the staff can remain close to the clinic. The work should be finished within two months. This is a £15,000 undertaking, and we are very grateful to Polly Boyd and Lizzy Pelly for helping to raise over £3,000 toward this for us at the Delrey House Christmas Shopping Emporium.

6. We now have six motorbike ambulances in Kambia. The vehicles were donated to us by the E-Ranger Production Company, and are worth a total of £32,000. The ambulances will be based at the health centres in Barmoi and Maselleh, and will provide a vital transport link for pregnant women between rural villages, the clinics and the hospital. Travelling 30km on one litre of fuel, the ambulances should provide a low-cost means of helping the poorest women gain access to healthcare. We are currently working with the communities to establish how the bikes will be used and managed locally.

7. Another new initiative for us is the running of the Maternity Waiting House in Kambia Town. Originally a Cheltenham idea, the Waiting House has been run by MSF to provide “at risk” mothers with somewhere to stay close to the hospital prior to giving birth. The House will also be used to accommodate VVF patients prior to their fistular operations in Freetown at the Mercy Ships hospital.

8. We now have two Cheltenham Scholars hard at work studying for new qualifications. Joseph Kalokoh, the theatre assistant at the Kambia hospital, is about to complete his first year at Njala University in Bo, training to become a Community Health Officer. Once qualified, Joseph will be in charge of a health centre in Kambia, with skills and responsibilities similar to a doctor. Francis Pieh, the Laboratory Assistant at the hospital is now at the Medical School in Freetown, studying for a Diploma in Laboratory and Allied Medical Skills. It is hoped that we will be supporting more scholars on the CHO course in the coming year.

9. Two medical students from the UK completed their medical electives in Kambia: Olly Harvey in November and Alison Holman in April. Three more students, Toyin Ajayi, Patrick Howlett and Robert Hughes, will be working in the district from August through to October.

10. The Appeal purchased three foetal heart monitors for use in the hospital maternity ward.

James Dowling
June 2007.

Subject: CONGRATULATIONS SAM SUMANA-NEW BLOOD,NEW GENERATION
From: MUSA KAMARA
To: All
Date Posted: 14:30:28 07/05/07 ()
Email Address:
Entered From: luna.hypair.net at 194.50.180.4

Message:
Go for it,Hon. Earnest Bai Koroma and Mr Sam Sumana for a better,prosperous Sierra-Leone and to reinstate hope especially to the youths.Oncemore,Congratulations.By God's power,you will emerge victorious on the 11 August 2007.

Subject: BEREWA & SLPP ON THE RUN OF THERE LIFE
From: FODAY MANSARAY
To: All
Date Posted: 14:46:44 07/05/07 ()
Email Address: FMANSARAY@AOL.COM
Entered From: at 74.8.30.110

Message:
How come nobody is standing for momodu koroma. Sources said he is sheep in a wolf clothing.Momodu hails from the south-east even though his name is momodu.Tell the SLPP were is the commitment to showsometribalbalance.
They cannot because they have inferiority complex and afraid of their shawdows.What a dam shame to our so called elite with 175 years of wisdom and education.
With all thes education,law degree and experience one will think Berewa show turn down the redrick.How do we wind up killing 24 people without the due process of the law..,Mr Attorney General.

Subject: Functionsof the U.S. Congress.
From: Bambay Lans Kamara
To: All
Date Posted: 13:39:56 07/05/07 ()
Email Address:
Entered From: sccinstr194059.scc.losrios.edu at 165.196.194.59

Message:
The United States Congress is the legislature of the U.S. federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and Senate. The House of Representatives has 435 voting members, each representing a congressional district and serving a two-year term. House seats are apportioned among the states on the basis of population. American Samoa, the District of Columbia, Guam, and the United States Virgin Islands send non-voting delegates to the House; Puerto Rico sends a non-voting Resident Commissioner who serves a four-year term; and the Northern Mariana Islands are not represented. The Senate has 100 members serving staggered six-year terms. Each state has two Senators, regardless of population. Every two years, approximately one-third of the Senate is elected. Both Senators and Representatives are chosen through direct election.

The United States Constitution vests all legislative power in the Congress. The House and Senate are coequal houses. However, there are some special powers granted to one chamber only. Article II of the Constitution gives the President "power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments." Bills for raising revenue must originate in the House of Representatives, which also has the sole power of impeachment of federal officers, while the Senate has the sole power to try cases in which the House has voted an impeachment.

Congress meets in the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C. The term, "Congress" may also refer to a particular meeting of the Congress, reckoned according to the terms of Representatives. That is, a "Congress" covers two years with the first year called the First Session and the second year called the Second Session. The current 110th Congress first convened on January 4, 2007.

Section 8 of Article I of the Constitution sets forth the powers of Congress. The most important powers are the powers to levy and collect taxes, borrow money, regulate commerce with foreign nations and among the states, coin money, establish post offices and post roads, issue patents and copyrights, fix standards of weights and measures, establish courts inferior to the Supreme Court, raise and maintain the armed forces, declare war, and "To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof."

Congress has the power to admit new states to the Union (Article Four). Other powers have been granted, or confirmed, by constitutional amendments.

Congress has the power to break deadlocks in the Electoral College. If no presidential candidate achieves an electoral majority, the House may elect the President from the three candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes. Similarly, if no vice presidential candidate achieves an electoral majority, the Senate may elect the Vice President from the two candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes. Several of the members of the Constitutional Convention expected that, while George Washington would be overwhelmingly elected as first President under the Constitution, selection by the House would be the normal method after him.

The necessary-and-proper clause of the Constitution permits Congress To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. The Supreme Court has interpreted the necessary-and-proper clause broadly, to recognize the Congress has all the power and delegates it rather than being burdened with a separation of powers.

One of the foremost non-legislative functions of the Congress is the power to investigate and to oversee the executive branch. This is called congressional oversight. This power is usually delegated to United States congressional committees—standing committee, select and special committee, select committees, or joint committee composed of members of both houses. Investigations are conducted to gather information on the need for future legislation, to test the effectiveness of laws already passed, and to inquire into the qualifications and performance of members and officials of the other branches. Committees may hold hearings, and, if necessary, compel individuals to testify by issuing subpoenas. Witnesses who refuse to testify may be cited for contempt of Congress, and those who testify falsely may be charged with perjury. Most committee hearings are open to the public (the House and Senate intelligence committees are the exception); important hearings are widely reported in the mass media.

Article I, Section 9 of the U.S. Constitution places limits of congressional authority. For instance, Congress may not suspend the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus ("unless when in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it"), pass bills of attainder or ex post facto laws, or grant titles of nobility. Several other restrictions are specified by constitutional amendments, especially the Bill of Rights. The last clause of the Bill of Rights, the Tenth Amendment, provides that "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people."

Among the enumerated powers given Congress are those listed in Article I Section 8, namely---

“ The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;
To borrow money on the credit of the United States;

To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several states, and with the Indian tribes;

To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies throughout the United States;

To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures;

To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States;

To establish post offices and post roads;

To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries;

To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court;

To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against the law of nations;

To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water;

To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years;

To provide and maintain a navy;

To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces;

To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the union, suppress insurrections and repel invasions;

To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to the states respectively, the appointment of the officers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;

To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular states, and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the government of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards, and other needful buildings;--And

To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof."

Subject: Re: Functionsof the U.S. Congress.
From: Candy
To: All
Date Posted: 14:35:59 07/05/07 ()
Email Address: Yoroh@yahoo.com
Entered From: 79-66-114-232.dynamic.dsl.as9105.com at 79.66.114.232

Message:
Relapsing? You know what to do

Subject: Re: Functionsof the U.S. Congress.
From: Alieu Sesay
To: All
Date Posted: 14:13:32 07/05/07 ()
Email Address:
Entered From: at 67.63.2.157

Message:
Bambay, we know you are currently taking American History- Pre. Spare us this crap and next time post something about Sierra Leone Parliament.
Yah do yah.

Subject: SWIFT TO SELL SAM SUMANA - APC
From: POLITICAL
To: All
Date Posted: 13:35:56 07/05/07 ()
Email Address:
Entered From: at 207.108.136.243

Message:
APC are too swift to sell their running mate. His biographer is interesting. What about SLPP's Momodu Koroma?

Subject: Re-evaluation
From: Bambay Lans Kamara
To: All
Date Posted: 13:30:48 07/05/07 ()
Email Address:
Entered From: sccinstr194059.scc.losrios.edu at 165.196.194.59

Message:
Congressional Research Service ˜ The Library of Congress
CRS Report for Congress
Received through the CRS Web
Order Code RL30378
Black Members of the United States Congress:
1870-2005
Updated August 4, 2005
Mildred L. Amer
Specialist in American National Government
Government and Finance Division
Black Members of the United States Congress:
1870-2005
Summary
A record number of 43 black or African-American Members serve in the 109th
Congress; 42 in the House of Representatives, one in the Senate. There have been
117 black Members of Congress: 112 elected to the House and five to the Senate.
The majority of the black Members (90) have been Democrats; the rest (27) have
been Republicans.
The first black Member of Congress was Hiram Rhodes Revels (R-MS), who
served in the Senate in the 41st Congress (1870). The first black Member of the
House was Joseph H. Rainey (R-SC). He also served in the 41st Congress. Shirley
Chisholm (D-NY), elected to the 91st through 97th Congresses (1969-1983), was the
first black woman in Congress. Since that time, 23 other black women have been
elected, including Senator Carol Moseley-Braun (D-IL, 1993-1999), who was the
first black woman, as well as the first black Democrat, elected to the Senate.
The black Members of Congress have served on all major committees. Sixteen
have served as committee chairmen, 15 in the House and one in the Senate.
This report will be updated at the commencement of the 110th Congress unless
there are significant changes in the 109th Congress.
Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Female Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Oldest and Youngest Black Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Black Members in Leadership Positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Tables and Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Alphabetical Listing of Black Members, Selected Biographical Information,
and Committee Assignments During Their Tenure in Office . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
List of Tables
Table 1. Black Members of Congress — Senate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Table 2. Black Members of Congress — House of Representatives . . . . . . . . . 39
Table 3. Number and Names of Black Members of Congress, by Congress . . . 45
Table 4. Number and Names of Black Members of Congress, by State . . . . . . . 55
Table 5. Number of Black Members in the U.S. Congress,
41st-109th Congresses (1870-2005) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
1Includes three Delegates from the U.S. Virgin Islands and two from the District of
Columbia.
2A record number of 43 black Members was elected to the House of Representatives in the
104th Congress. Only 40, however, actually served at any one time. Rep. Melvin Reynolds
(D-IL) resigned in Oct. 1995 and was replaced by Rep. Jesse Jackson Jr. (D-IL); Rep. Walter
Tucker (D-CA) resigned in Dec. 1995 and was replaced by Rep. Juanita Millender-
McDonald (D-CA); and Rep. Kweisi Mfume (D-MD) resigned in Feb. 1996 and was
replaced by Rep. Elijah Cummings (D-MD).
3Bruce A. Ragsdale and Joel D. Treese, Black Americans in Congress, 1870-1989
(Washington: GPO, 1990), p. 130.
Black Members of the United States
Congress: 1870-2005
Introduction
One hundred seventeen black Americans have been elected to the U.S.
Congress: 112 to the House and five to the Senate.1 Of these, 24 have been women.
A record 43 black Members serve in the 109th Congress, 42 in the House of
Representatives, and one in the Senate.2 Freshman Senator Barack Obama of Illinois
is the first black, male, Democrat to serve in the Senate.
The largest number of black Members elected as freshmen was 17 in the 103rd
Congress. Sixteen were elected to the House, and one, Carol Moseley-Braun (D-IL,
1993-1999), was elected to the Senate. Senator Moseley-Braun was also the first
black woman and black Democrat to serve in the Senate.
The first black Member of Congress was Hiram Rhodes Revels (R-MS), who
served in the Senate in the 41st Congress (1870). He also has the distinction of being
the first black Member of the Senate and the first black Member of Congress from
Mississippi. On January 20, 1870, he was chosen by the Mississippi legislature to
fill the unexpired term of former Confederate President Jefferson Davis in the U. S.
Senate.3
Senator Blanche K. Bruce (R-MS, 1875-1881) was the first black Senator to
serve a full Senate term of six years. Joseph H. Rainey (R-SC) was the first black
Member of the House of Representatives. He also served in the 41st Congress.
Shirley Chisholm (D-NY), elected to the 91st through 97th Congresses (1969-1983),
was the first black woman to serve in Congress. Edward Brooke (R-MA) was the
first black person elected to the Senate after the passage of the Seventeenth
Amendment, which provided for the direct election of Senators. He served in the 90th
through 95th Congresses (1967-1979).
CRS-2
The majority of the black Members of Congress (90) have been Democrats; the
rest (27) have been Republicans. All the black Democrats have been elected in the
20th and 21st centuries. Five black Republican men were elected to Congress in the
20th century, four to the House and one to the Senate. One of them was reelected to
one term in the 21st century before retiring from Congress.
John Conyers Jr. (D-MI) holds the record for length of service by a black
Member (40 years). He was first elected to the 89th Congress and has served since
January 3, 1965.
Eighteen black Members were first elected to fill vacancies in the House. They
include Representative Cardiss Collins (D-IL, 1973-1997), who was elected to fill the
vacancy caused by the death of her husband, Representative George Collins (D-IL,
1970-1972). The others were Representatives Eva Clayton (D-NC), Katie Hall (DIN),
Robert N.C. Nix, Sr. (D-PA), George Collins (D-IL), Charles Hayes (D-IL),
Bennett Stewart (D-IL), George W. Crockett, Jr. (D-MI), Lucien Blackwell (D-PA),
Jesse Jackson, Jr. (D-IL), Elijah Cummings (D-MD), Barbara Lee (D-CA), Craig
Washington (D-TX), Bennie Thompson (D-MS), Alton Waldon, Jr. (D-NY), Gregory
Meeks (D-NY), Juanita Millender-McDonald (D-CA), Diane Watson (D-CA), and
G.K. Butterfield (D-NC). All of these Members, except Representatives Stewart and
Walden, were subsequently elected to additional terms.
Female Members
Fourteen black women serve in the 109th Congress, all in the House. A record
number of 15 black women served in the 107th Congress, all in the House. A total
of 24 black women have served in Congress. The first was Representative Shirley
Chisholm (D-NY, 1969-1983). Senator Carol Moseley-Braun (D-IL, 1993-1999) is
the only black woman to have served in the Senate. The black female Members of
the 109th Congress include Delegates Eleanor Holmes Norton (D-DC) and Donna
Christian-Christensen (D-VI) and Representatives Maxine Waters (D-CA), Corinne
Brown (D-FL), Eddie Bernice Johnson (D-TX), Sheila Jackson Lee (D-TX), Barbara
Lee (D-CA), Juanita Millender-McDonald (D-CA), Julia Carson (D-IN), Carolyn
Cheeks Kilpatrick (D-MI), Stephanie Tubbs Jones (D-OH), Diane Watson (D-CA),
Cynthia McKinney (D-GA), and Gwen Moore (D-WI). The other black female
Members are Cardiss Collins (D-IL, 1973-1997), Barbara-Rose Collins (D-MI, 1991-
1997), Yvonne Brathwaite Burke (D-CA, 1973-1979), Katie Hall (D-IN, 1982-1985),
Barbara Jordan (D-TX, 1973-1979), Eva Clayton (D-NC, 1992-2003), Carrie Meek
(D-FL, 1993-2003), and Denise Majette (D-GA, 2003-2005).
Relationships
Three incumbent black Members, all serving in the 109th Congress, are the sons
of former Members: Representative William Lacy Clay Jr. (D-MO), the son of
Representative William L. Clay Sr. (D-MO, 1969-2001), Representative Harold Ford
Jr. (D-TN, 1997-present), the son of Representative Harold Ford Sr. (D-TN, 1975-
1997), and Representative Kendrick Meek (D-FL), the son of Representative Carrie
CRS-3
Meek (D-FL, 1993-2003). All directly succeeded their parents. In addition,
Representative Cardiss Collins (D-IL, 1973-1997) succeeded her husband,
Representative George Collins (D-IL, 1970-1972). Representative George White (RNC,
1897-1901) was the brother-in-law of Representative Henry Cheatham (R-NC,
1889-1893).
Oldest and Youngest Black Members
The oldest black Member to be elected to the House, Representative George
Crockett (D-MI, 1980-1991), won his first election at 71, followed by Representative
Charles Hayes (D-IL, 1983-1993), who was first elected at 65. At age 47, Senator
Edward Brooke (R-MA, 1969-1979) became the oldest black Senator elected to a
first term.
The youngest elected black Member was Representative John Lynch (R-MS,
1873-1877, 1882-1883), who was first elected at age 25, followed by Representative
Harold Ford, Jr. (D-TN; 1997-present), who was first elected at age 26. At age 33,
Senator Blanche Bruce (R-MS, 1875-1881) was the youngest black Senator elected
to a first term.
Black Members in Leadership Positions
A significant number of black Members of Congress have held positions of
leadership. Former Representatives William Gray (D-PA, 1979-1991) and J.C.
Watts (R-OK, 1995-2003), and Representative John Clyburn (D-SC, 1993-present)
were elected to the highest leadership positions thus far held by black Members.
Representative Gray was elected chair of the House Democratic Caucus in 1989
(101st Congress). Later in the 101st Congress, when a vacancy occurred,
Representative Gray was elected House Democratic Whip, a position he held until
his resignation from Congress in September 1991 (102nd Congress). Representative
Watts served as chair of the House Republican Conference in the 106th-107th
Congresses. Representative Clyburn currently is vice chair of the House Democratic
Caucus, a position to which he was also elected in the 108th Congress. Former
Representative Shirley Chisholm (D-NY, 1969-1983) served as Secretary to the
Democratic Caucus in the 96th Congress (1977-1979).
In addition, Representatives Maxine Waters (D-CA, 1991-present) and John
Lewis (D-GA, 1987-present) have served as Democratic Chief Deputy Whips.
Representative Lewis has served since the 102nd Congress; Representative Waters,
since the 106th Congress.
Black Members of Congress have served on all major committees. Fifteen
Representatives and one Senator have chaired congressional committees. These
include Senator Blanche Bruce (R-MS, 1875-1881), Representatives Yvonne B.
Burke (D-CA, 1973-1979), William L. Clay, Sr. (D-MO, 1969-2001), John Conyers,
Jr. (D-MI, 1965- ), William L. Dawson (D-IL, 1943-1970), Ronald V. Dellums (DCA,
1971-1998), Charles C. Diggs, Jr. (D-MI, 1955-1980), Julian Dixon (D-CA,
CRS-4
1979- ), William H. Gray, III (D-PA, 1979-1991), Augustus F. Hawkins (D-CA,
1963-1991), George T. (Mickey) Leland (D-TX, 1979-1989), Parren J. Mitchell (DMD,
1971-1987), Robert N.C. Nix, Sr. (D-PA, 1958-1979), Adam Clayton Powell
Jr. (D-NY, 1945-1967, 1969-1971), Charles B. Rangel (D-NY, 1971- ), and Louis
Stokes (D-OH, 1969-1999).
Tables and Data
This part of the report provides tabular information on black Members of
Congress, including the Congresses in which they have served, the committees on
which they have served, and, where relevant, an indication of the committees they
have chaired or co-chaired. In addition, five tables summarize information about
black Members. Tables 1 and 2 list selected data about each black Member. Table
3 presents the number and names of black Members by Congress. Table 4 presents
the same information by state. Table 5 shows the changing number of black
Members serving in Congress since 1870, when the first black Member was elected.
Most of the data presented are from the Biographical Directory of the American
Congress, 1774-1996, at [http://bioguide.congress.gov]; various editions of the
Congressional Directory; and a broad range of Congressional Quarterly and
Leadership Directories, Inc. publications. Information on the committee assignments
of the women in the 109th Congress was obtained from the Congressional Yellow
Book, winter 2005; the website of the U.S. Senate available online at
[http://www.senate.gov/general/committee_assignments/assignments.htm]; and List
of Standing Committees and Select Committees and Their Subcommitees of the
House of Representatives Together With Joint Committees, One Hundred Nineth
Congress, prepared under the direction of Jeff Trandahl, Clerk of the House of
Representatives, April 29, 2005 (available online from the clerk’s website at
[http://clerk.house.gov/committee/scsoal.pdf]).
Note that the names and jurisdiction of House and Senate committees have
changed many times over the years covered by this report. In the interest of brevity,
this report does not identify all historical name changes. The committee names that
are listed are those that were in effect at the time a particular member served on a
panel.
CRS-5
Alphabetical Listing of Black Members, Selected
Biographical Information, and Committee
Assignments During Their Tenure in Office
BALLANCE, FRANK W., Jr., a Representative from North Carolina. Born on
February 15, 1942. Elected as a Democrat to the 108th Congress; served from
January 7, 2003, until his resignation June 11, 2004.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Agriculture 108th
H. Small Business 108th
BISHOP, SANFORD D., Jr., a Representative from Georgia. Born on February 4,
1947. Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd through108th Congresses; reelected to
the 109th Congress; has served since January 5, 1993.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Agriculture 103rd-107th
H. Post Office and Civil Service 103rd
H. Veterans’ Affairs 103rd-104th
H. Select Intelligence 105th-107th
H. Appropriations 108th-109th
BLACKWELL, LUCIEN E., a Representative from Pennsylvania. Born on August
1, 1931. Elected as a Democrat to the 102nd Congress to fill the vacancy caused
by the resignation of Representative William Gray; reelected to the 103rd
Congress; served from November 11, 1991, to January 3, 1995.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Merchant Marine and Fisheries 102nd
H. Public Works and Transportation 102nd-103rd
H. Budget 103rd
CRS-6
BROOKE, EDWARD W., a Senator from Massachusetts. Born on October 26,
1919. Elected as a Republican to two six-year terms beginning with the 90th
Congress and served through the 95th Congress, from January 3, 1967, to
January 3, 1979. First black Member of Congress from Massachusetts.
Committee Assignments Congress
S. Aeronautical and Space Sciences 90th
S. Banking and Currency 90th-91st
S. Government Operations 90th
S. Armed Services 91st
S. Select Equal Education Opportunity 91st-92nd
S. Appropriations 92nd-95th
S. Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs 92nd-95th
S. Special Aging 92nd-95th
S. Select Standards and Conduct 93rd-94th
Jt. Bicentennial Arrangements 94th
Jt. Defense Production 94th-95th
BROWN, CORRINE, a Representative from Florida. Born on November 11, 1946.
Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd through 108th Congresses; reelected to the
109th Congress; has served since January 5, 1993.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Government Operations 103rd
H. Public Works and Transportation 103rd
H. Veterans’ Affairs 103rd-109th
H. Transportation and Infrastructure 104th-109th
BRUCE, BLANCHE K., a Senator from Mississippi. Born on March 1, 1841; died
on March 17, 1898. Elected as a Republican to a six-year term beginning with
the 44th Congress and served through the 46th Congress, from March 4, 1875,
to March 3, 1881.
Committee Assignments Congress
S. Manufactures 44th
S. Pensions 44th-45th
S. Education and Labor 44th-46th
S. Select Mississippi River 45th-46th
S. Select To Investigate the Freedman’s
Savings and Trust Company
46th (committee chair)
CRS-7
BURKE, YVONNE B., a Representative from California. Born on October 5, 1932.
Elected as a Democrat to the 93rd through 95th Congresses; served from January
3, 1973, to January 3, 1979. First female chair of the Congressional Black
Caucus, 94th Congress, 1976.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Interior and Insular Affairs 93rd
H. Public Works 93rd
H. Appropriations 94th-95th
H. Select Assassinations 94th-95th
H. Select Beauty Shop 94th-95th
(committee chair, 94th-95th)
BUTTERFIELD, G.K., a Representative from North Carolina. Born on April 27,
1947. Elected as a Democrat to the 108th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by
the resignation of Representative Frank Balance; reelected to the 109th
Congress, has served since July 21, 2004.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Small Business 108th
H. Agriculture 108th -109th
H. Armed Services 109th
CAIN, RICHARD H., a Representative from South Carolina. Born on April 12,
1825; died on January 18, 1887. Elected as a Republican to the 43rd and 45th
Congresses; served from March 4, 1873, to March 3, 1875, and from March 4,
1877, to March 3, 1879.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Agriculture 43rd
H. Private Land Claims 45th
CARSON, JULIA M., a Representative from Indiana. Born on July 8, 1938. Elected
as a Democrat to the 105th through 108th Congresses; reelected to the 109th
Congress; has served since January 9, 1997.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Banking and Financial Services 105th-106th
H. Financial Services 107th -109th
H. Veterans’ Affairs 105th-107th
H. Transportation and Infrastructure 108th-109th
CRS-8
CHEATHAM, HENRY P., a Representative from North Carolina. Born on
December 27, 1857; died on November 29, 1935. Elected as a Republican to
the 51st and 52nd Congresses; served from March 4, 1889, to March 3, 1893.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Expenditures on Public Buildings 51st-52nd
H. Education 51st-52nd
H. Agriculture 52nd
CHISHOLM, SHIRLEY A., a Representative from New York. Born on November
30, 1924; died on January 1, 2005. Elected as a Democrat to the 91st through
97th Congresses; served from January 3, 1969, to January 3, 1983. First black
woman elected to Congress and first black female presidential candidate, 1972.
Secretary of the Democratic Caucus in the 96th Congress, 1977-1979.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Veterans’ Affairs 91st-92nd
H. Education and Labor 92nd-94th
H. Rules 95th-97th
CHRISTIAN-CHRISTENSEN, DONNA M., a Delegate from the Virgin Islands.
Born on September 19, 1945. Elected as a Democrat to the 105th Congress
through 108th Congresses; reelected to the 109th Congress; has served since
January 7, 1997. First woman elected from the Virgin Islands and first female
doctor in Congress.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Resources 105th-109th
H. Small Business 106th -109th
H. Homeland Security 108th-109th
CHRISTIAN-GREEN, DONNA. See CHRISTIAN-CHRISTENSEN, DONNA.
CRS-9
CLAY, WILLIAM L., Sr., a Representative from Missouri. Born on April 30, 1931.
Elected as a Democrat to the 91st through 106th Congresses; served from January
3, 1969, to January 3, 2001. First black Member of Congress from Missouri.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Education and Labor 91st-103rd
H. Education and the Workforce 105th-106th
H. Economic and Educational Opportunities 104th
H. Post Office and Civil Service 93rd-103rd
(committee chair, 102nd-103rd)
H. Select to Study the Committee System 96th
H. House Administration 99th-103rd
H. Jt. Library 101st
CLAY, William Lacy, Jr., a Representative from Missouri. Born on July 27, 1956;
succeeded his father, Representative William L. Clay Sr. Elected as a Democrat
to the 107th -108th Congresses; reelected to the 109th Congress; has served since
January 3, 2001.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Financial Services 107th -109th
H. Government Reform 107th -109th
CLAYTON, EVA M., a Representative from North Carolina. Born on September
16, 1934. Elected as a Democrat to the 102nd Congress to fill the vacancy
caused by the death of Representative Walter Jones; reelected to the 103rd
through 107th Congresses; served from November 5, 1992, to January 3, 2003.
Co-chair of the House Democratic Policy Committee in the 104th Congress.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Agriculture 103rd-107th
H. Small Business 103rd
H. Budget 105th-107th
CLEAVER, EMANUEL, a Representative from Missouri. Born on October 26,
1944. Elected as Democrat to the 109th Congress; has served since January 4,
2005.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Financial Services 109th
CRS-10
CLYBURN, JAMES E., a Representative from South Carolina. Born on July 21,
1940. Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd through 108th Congresses; reelected
to the 109th Congress; has served since January 5, 1993. Vice chair of the
House Democratic Caucus in the 108th-109th Congresses.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Public Works and Transportation 103rd
H. Veterans’ Affairs 103rd-105th
H. Transportation and Infrastructure 104th-105th
H. Small Business 104th
H. Appropriations 106th-109th
COLLINS, BARBARA-ROSE, a Representative from Michigan. Born on April 13,
1939. Elected as a Democrat to the 102nd through 104th Congresses; served
from January 3, 1991, to January 3, 1997.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Public Works and Transportation 102nd-103rd
H. Transportation and Infrastructure 104th
H. Government Operations 103rd
H. Government Reform and Oversight 104th
H. Post Office and Civil Service 102nd-103rd
H. Science, Space, and Technology 102nd
H. Select Children, Youth, and Families 102nd
COLLINS, CARDISS, a Representative from Illinois. Born on September 24, 1931.
Elected as a Democrat to the 93rd through 104th Congresses; served from June
7, 1973, to January 3, 1997. First elected to succeed her husband,
Representative George Collins. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus during
the 96th Congress, 1979-1980.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Government Operations 93rd-103rd
H. Government Reform and Oversight 104th
H. Public Works 93rd
H. International Relations 94th-95th
H. Foreign Affairs 96th
H. District of Columbia 95th
H. Energy and Commerce 97th-103rd
H. Commerce 104th
H. Select Population 95th
H. Select Narcotics Abuse and Control 96th-102nd
CRS-11
COLLINS, GEORGE W., a Representative from Illinois. Born on March 5, 1926;
died on December 8, 1972. Elected as a Democrat to the 91st Congress to fill
the vacancy by the death of Representative Daniel Ronan; reelected to the 92nd
and 93rd Congresses; served from November 16, 1970, to December 8, 1972.
Succeeded by his wife, Representative Cardiss Collins.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Government Operations 91st-92nd
H. Public Works 92nd
CONYERS, JOHN, Jr., a Representative from Michigan. Born on May 16, 1929.
Elected as a Democrat to the 89th through 107th Congresses; reelected to the
108th Congress; has served since January 3, 1965.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Judiciary 89th-109th
H. Government Operations 92nd-103rd
(committee chair, 101st-103rd)
H. Small Business 100th-103rd
CROCKETT, GEORGE W., a Representative from Michigan. Born on August 10,
1909. Elected as a Democrat to the 96th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by
the resignation of Representative Charles Diggs; reelected to the 97th through
101st Congresses; served from November 12, 1980, to January 3, 1991.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Foreign Affairs 96th-101st
H. Judiciary 97th-101st
H. Small Business 97th
H. Select Aging 97th-101st
CUMMINGS, ELIJAH E., a Representative from Maryland. Born on January 18,
1951. Elected as a Democrat to the 104th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by
the resignation of Representative Kweisi Mfume; reelected to the 105th through
109th Congresses; has served since April 25, 1996. Chair of the Congressional
Black Caucus in the 108th Congress.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Government Reform and Oversight 104th-105th
H. Transportation and Infrastructure 104th-109th
H. Government Reform 106th-109th
CRS-12
DAVIS, ARTUR, a Representative from Alabama. Born on October 9, 1967.
Elected as a Democrat to the 108th Congress; reelected to the 109th Congress,
has served since January 7, 2003.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Budget 108th-109th
H. Financial Services 108th- 109th
DAVIS, DANNY K., a Representative from Illinois. Born on September 6, 1941.
Elected as a Democrat to the 105th through 108th Congresses; reelected to the
109th Congress; has served since January 7, 1997.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Government Reform and Oversight 105th
H. Small Business 105th- 109th
H. Government Reform 106th-109th
H. Education and the Workforce 108th-109th
DAWSON, WILLIAM L., a Representative from Illinois. Born on April 26, 1886;
died on November 9, 1970. Elected as a Democrat to the 78th through 91st
Congresses; served from January 3, 1943, to November 9, 1970.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Expenditures in the Executive
Departments
78th-82nd
(committee chair, 81st, 82nd )
H. Government Operations 83rd-91st
(committee chair, 84th-91st)
H. Coinage, Weights, and Measures 78th-79th
H. Invalid Pensions 78th-79th
H. Insular Affairs 78th-79th
H. Irrigation and Reclamation 78th-79th
H. Interior and Insular Affairs 82nd
H. District of Columbia 84th-91st
DeLARGE, ROBERT C., a Representative from South Carolina. Born on March 15,
1842; died on February 14, 1874. Elected as a Republican to the 42nd Congress;
served from March 4, 1871, until January 24, 1873, when his seat was declared
vacant after his election was successfully contested by former Representative
Christopher C. Bowen.
Committee Assignment Congress
H. Manufactures 42nd
CRS-13
DELLUMS, RONALD V., a Representative from California. Born on November 25,
1935. Elected as a Democrat to the 92nd through 105th Congresses; served from
January 3, 1971, until February 6, 1998, when he resigned from the House.
Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus during the 101st Congress, 1989-1990.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. District of Columbia 92nd-103rd
(committee chair, 96th-102nd)
H. Foreign Affairs 92nd
H. Armed Services 93rd-103rd
(committee chair, 103rd)
H. National Security 104th-105th
H. Post Office and Civil Service 97th-98th
H. Select Intelligence 94th-102nd
DePRIEST, OSCAR S., a Representative from Illinois. Born on March 9, 1871; died
on May 12, 1951. Elected as a Republican to the 71st through 73rd Congresses;
served from March 4, 1929, to March 3, 1935. First black Member of Congress
from Illinois.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Enrolled Bills 71st-73rd
H. Invalid Pensions 71st-73rd
H. Indian Affairs 71st-73rd
H. Post Office and Post Roads 73rd
DIGGS, CHARLES C., Jr., a Representative from Michigan. Born on December 2,
1922; died on August 24 1998. Elected as a Democrat to the 84th through 96th
Congresses; served from January 3, 1955, until his resignation on June 3, 1980.
First black Member of Congress from Michigan and first chair of the
Congressional Black Caucus, 92nd Congress, 1971-1972.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Interior and Insular Affairs 84th-85th
H. Veterans’ Affairs 84th-85th
H. Foreign Affairs 86th-93rd
H. International Relations 94th-96th
H. District of Columbia 88th-96th
(committee chair, 93rd-95th)
CRS-14
DIXON, JULIAN C., a Representative from California. Born on August 8, 1934;
died on December 8, 2000. Elected as a Democrat to the 96th through 106th
Congresses; reelected to the 107th Congress, but died before the commencement
of the 107th Congress; served from January 3, 1979, until his death. Chair of the
Congressional Black Caucus during the 98th Congress, 1983-1984.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Appropriations 96th-106th
H. Standards of Official Conduct 98th-101st
(committee chair, 99th-101st)
H. Select Intelligence 103rd-106th
DYMALLY, MERVYN M., a Representative from California. Born on May 12,
1926. Elected as a Democrat to the 97th through 102nd Congresses; served from
January 3, 1981, to January 3, 1993. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus
during the 100th Congress, 1987-1988.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. District of Columbia 97th-102nd
H. Foreign Affairs 97th-102nd
H. Science and Technology 97th-98th
H. Post Office and Civil Service 98th-102nd
H. Education and Labor 99th
ELLIOTT, ROBERT B., a Representative from South Carolina. Born on August 11,
1842; died on August 9, 1884. Elected as a Republican to the 42nd and 43rd
Congresses; served from March 4, 1871, until his resignation on November 1,
1874.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Education and Labor 42nd-43rd
H. Militia 43rd
ESPY, ALBERT MICHAEL (MIKE), a Representative from Mississippi. Born on
November 28, 1953. Elected as a Democrat to the 100th through 103rd
Congresses. Served from January 6, 1987, to January 25, 1993, when he
resigned to become Secretary of Agriculture.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Agriculture 100th-102nd
H. Budget 101st-102nd
H. Select Hunger 101st-102nd
Jt. Deficit Reduction 100th
CRS-15
EVANS, MELVYN H., a Delegate from the Virgin Islands. Born on August 7,
1917; died on November 27, 1984. Elected as a Republican to the 96th
Congress; served from January 3, 1979, to January 3, 1981. First black
Delegate from the Virgin Islands and first black physician to serve in Congress.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Armed Services 96th
H. Interior and Insular Affairs 96th
H. Merchant Marine and Fisheries 96th
FATTAH, CHAKA, a Representative from Pennsylvania. Born on November 21,
1956. Elected as a Democrat to the 104th through 108th Congresses; reelected
to the 109th Congress; has served since January 3, 1995.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Government Reform and Oversight 104th-105th
H. Economic and Educational Opportunities 104th
H. Education and the Workforce 105th-106th
H. Small Business 104th
H. Standards of Official Conduct 105th-106th
H. Administration 106th-107th
H. Government Reform 106th
Jt. Printing 106th -107th
H. Appropriations 107th-109th
FAUNTROY, WALTER E., a Delegate from the District of Columbia. Born on
February 6, 1933. Elected as a Democrat to the 92nd Congress in a special
election after the District of Columbia was authorized to elect a delegate to
Congress; reelected to the 93rd through 101st Congresses; served from April 19,
1971, to January 3, 1991. First black Delegate from the District of Columbia.
Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus during the 97th Congress, 1981-1982.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. District of Columbia 92nd-101st
H. Banking and Currency 93rd
H. Banking, Currency, and Housing 94th
H. Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs 95th-101st
H. Select Assassinations 94th-95th
H. Select Narcotics Abuse and Control 98th-101st
CRS-16
FIELDS, CLEO, a Representative from Louisiana. Born on November 22, 1962.
Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd and 104th Congresses; served from January
5, 1993, to January 3, 1997. At age 30, he was the youngest Member of the
103rd Congress.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs 103rd
H. Banking and Financial Services 104th
H. Small Business 103rd-104th
FLAKE, FLOYD H., a Representative from New York. Born on January 30, 1945.
Elected as a Democrat to the 100th through 105th Congresses; served from
January 6, 1987, to November 15, 1997, when he resigned from the House.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs 100th-103rd
H. Banking and Financial Services 104th-105th
H. Small Business 100th-105th
H. Government Operations 103rd
H. Select Children, Youth, and Families 100th
H. Select Hunger 100th-102nd
FORD, HAROLD E., Sr., a Representative from Tennessee. Born on May 20, 1945.
Elected as a Democrat to the 94th through 104th Congresses; served from January
3, 1975, to January 3, 1997. First black Member of Congress from Tennessee.
Succeeded by his son, Harold E. Ford, Jr.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Veterans’ Affairs 94th, 1st
H. Banking, Currency, and Housing 94th, 1st
H. Ways and Means 94th-104th
H. Select Aging 94th-102nd
H. Select Assassinations 94th-95th
CRS-17
FORD, HAROLD E., Jr., a Representative from Tennessee. Born on May 11, 1970.
Elected as a Democrat to the 105th through 108th Congresses; reelected to the
109th Congress; has served since January 7, 1997. He was the youngest Member
of the 105th Congress. Succeeded his father, Harold E. Ford, Sr.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Education and the Workforce 105th-107th
H. Government Reform and Oversight 105th
H. Government Reform 106th
H. Financial Services 107th-109th
H. Budget 108th-109th
FRANKS, GARY A., a Representative from Connecticut. Born on February 9, 1953.
Elected as a Republican to the 102nd through 104th Congresses; served from
January 3, 1991, to January 3, 1997. First black Member of Congress from
Connecticut.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Armed Services 102nd
H. Small Business 102nd
H. Energy and Commerce 103rd
H. Commerce 104th
H. Select Committee on Aging 102nd
FRAZER, VICTOR O., a Delegate from the U.S.Virgin Islands. Born on May 24,
1943. Elected as a Democrat to the 104th Congress; served from January 3,
1995, to January 3, 1997.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. International Relations 104th
CRS-18
GRAY, WILLIAM H., III, a Representative from Pennsylvania. Born on August 20,
1941. Elected as a Democrat to the 96th through 102nd Congresses; served from
January 3, 1979, to September 11, 1991, when he resigned to become president
of the United Negro College Fund. Chair of the House Democratic Caucus in
the First Session of the 101st Congress; later in that Congress House Democratic
Whip (through the First Session of the 102nd Congress).
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Budget 96th, 98th-100th
(committee chair, 99th-100th)
H. District of Columbia 96th-102nd
H. Foreign Affairs 96th
H. Appropriations 97th-102nd
H. House Administration 102nd
Jt. Deficit Reduction 100th
GREEN, AL, a Representative from Texas. Born on September 1, 1947. Elected as
a Democrat to the 109th Congress; has served since January 4, 2005.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Financial Services 109th
H. Science 109th
HALL, KATIE B., a Representative from Indiana. Born on April 3, 1938. Elected
as a Democrat to the 97th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the death of
Representative Adam Benjamin; reelected to the 98th Congress; served from
November 29, 1982, to January 3, 1985. First black Member of Congress from
Indiana.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Post Office and Civil Service 98th
H. Public Works and Transportation 98th
HARALSON, JEREMIAH, a Representative from Alabama. Born on April 1, 1846,
died in 1916. Elected as a Republican to the 44th Congress; served from March
4, 1875, to March 3, 1877.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Public Expenditures 44th
CRS-19
HASTINGS, ALCEE L., a Representative from Florida. Born on September 5, 1936.
Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd through 108th Congresses; reelected to the
109th Congress; has served since January 5, 1993.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Foreign Affairs 103rd
H. International Relations 104th-107th
H. Merchant Marine and Fisheries 103rd
H. Post Office and Civil Service 103rd
H. Science 104th-105th
H. Select Intelligence 106th-109th
H. Rules 107th-109th
HAWKINS, AUGUSTUS F., a Representative from California. Born on August 31,
1907. Elected as a Democrat to the 88th through 101st Congresses; served from
January 3, 1963, to January 3, 1991. First black Member of Congress from
California.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Education and Labor 88th-101st
(committee chair, 98th, 2nd
sess. - 101st)
H. House Administration 91st-98th
(committee chair, 97th - 98th,
2nd sess.)
Jt. Committee on Printing 95th-98th
(committee chair, 96th, 98th)
Jt. Committee on the Library 97th-98th
(committee chair, 97th)
Jt. Economic 97th-101st
HAYES, CHARLES A., a Representative from Illinois. Born on February 17, 1918;
died on April 8, 1997. Elected as a Democrat to the 98th Congress to fill the
vacancy caused by the resignation of Representative Harold Washington;
reelected to the 99th through 102nd Congresses; served from September 12, 1983,
to January 3, 1993.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Education and Labor 98th-102nd
H. Small Business 98th-101st
H. Post Office and Civil Service 101st-102nd
CRS-20
HILLIARD, EARL F., a Representative from Alabama. Born on April 9, 1942.
Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd through 106th Congresses; reelected to the
107th Congress; served from January 5, 1993, to January 3, 2003.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Agriculture 103rd-107th
H. Small Business 103rd-104th
H. International Relations 105th-107th
HYMAN, JOHN ADAMS, a Representative from North Carolina. Born on July 23,
1840; died on September 14, 1891. Elected as a Republican to the 44th
Congress; served from March 4, 1875, to March 3, 1877. First black Member
of Congress from North Carolina.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Manufactures 44th
JACKSON, JESSE L., JR., a Representative from Illinois. Born on March 11, 1965.
Elected as a Democrat to the 104th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the
resignation of Representative Melvin Reynolds; reelected to the 105th through
109th Congresses; has served since December 14, 1995.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Banking and Financial Services 104th-105th
H. Small Business 105th
H. Appropriations 106th-109th
JACKSON LEE, SHEILA, a Representative from Texas. Born on January 12, 1950.
Elected as a Democrat to the 104th through 108th Congresses; reelected to the
109th Congress; has served since January 3, 1995.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Judiciary 104th-109th
H. Science 104th-109th
H. Homeland Security 108th-109th
CRS-21
JEFFERSON, WILLIAM J., a Representative from Louisiana. Born on March 14,
1947. Elected as a Democrat to the 102nd through 108th Congresses; reelected
to the 109th Congress; has served since January 3, 1991.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Education and Labor 102nd
H. Merchant Marine and Fisheries 102nd
H. District of Columbia 103rd
H. Ways and Means 103rd, 105th-109th
H. National Security 104th
H. House Oversight 104th
H. Budget 109th
Jt. Printing 104th
JOHNSON, EDDIE BERNICE, a Representative from Texas. Born on December
3, 1935. Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd through 108th Congresses; reelected
to the 109th Congress; has served since January 5, 1993. Chair of the
Congressional Black Caucus in the 107th Congress.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Public Works and Transportation 103rd
H. Transportation and Infrastructure 104th-109th
H. Science, Space, and Technology 103rd
H. Science 104th-109th
JONES, STEPHANIE TUBBS, a Representative from Ohio. Born on September 10,
1949. Elected as a Democrat to the 106th through 108th Congresses; reelected
to the 109th Congress; has served since January 3, 1999.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Banking and Financial Services 106th
H. Financial Services 107th
H. Small Business 106th
H. Standards of Official Conduct 107th-109th
H. Ways and Means 108th-109th
CRS-22
JORDAN, BARBARA C., a Representative from Texas. Born on February 21,
1936; died on January 17, 1996. Elected as a Democrat to the 93rd through 95th
Congresses; served from January 3, 1973, to January 3, 1979. First black
Member of Congress from Texas.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Judiciary 93rd-95th
H. Government Operations 94th-95th
KILPATRICK, CAROLYN CHEEKS, a Representative from Michigan. Born on
June 25, 1945. Elected as a Democrat to the 105th through 108th Congresses;
reelected to the 109th Congress; has served since January 7, 1997.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Banking and Financial Services 105th
H. House Oversight 105th
Jt. Committee on the Library 105th
H. Appropriations 106th-109th
LANGSTON, JOHN M., a Representative from Virginia. Born on December 14,
1829; died on November 15, 1897. Elected as a Republican to the 51st
Congress; served from September 23, 1890, to March 3, 1891, after he
successfully contested the election of Edward Venable. First black Member of
Congress from Virginia.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Education 51st
LEE, BARBARA, a Representative from California. Born on July 16, 1946. Elected
as a Democrat to the 105th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation
of Representative Ronald Dellums; reelected to the 106th through 109th
Congresses; has served since April 20, 1998.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Banking and Financial Services 105th-106th
H. Financial Services 107th-109th
H. Science 105th
H. International Relations 106th-109th
CRS-23
LELAND, GEORGE T. (MICKEY), a Representative from Texas. Born on
November 27, 1944; died on August 7, 1989. Elected as a Democrat to the 96th
through 101st Congresses; served from January 3, 1979, to August 7, 1989.
Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus during the 99th Congress, 1985-1986.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. District of Columbia 96th-99th
H. Interstate and Foreign Commerce 96th-101st
H. Post Office and Civil Service 96th-101st
H. Select Hunger 98th-101st
(committee chair, 98th-101st)
H. Select Children, Youth, and Families 98th
LEWIS, JOHN R., a Representative from Georgia. Born on February 19, 1940.
Elected as a Democrat to the 100th through 108th Congresses; reelected to the
109th Congress; has served since January 6, 1987. A Democratic Chief Deputy
Whip in the 102nd through 109th Congresses.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Public Works and Transportation 100th-102nd
H. Interior and Insular Affairs 100th-102nd
H. Select Aging 101st-102nd
H. District of Columbia 103rd
H. Ways and Means 103rd-109th
H. Budget 108th
LONG, JEFFERSON F., a Representative from Georgia. Born on March 3, 1836;
died on February 5, 1900. Elected as a Republican to the 41st Congress after the
House declared that Representative Samuel Gove was not entitled to his seat;
served from January 16, 1871, to March 3, 1871. First black Member of
Congress from Georgia.
Committee Assignments Congress
None —
CRS-24
LYNCH, JOHN R., a Representative from Mississippi. Born on September 10,
1847; died on November 2, 1939. Elected as a Republican to the 43rd, 44th, and
47th Congresses; served from March 4, 1873, to March 3, 1877, and from April
29, 1882, to March 3, 1883, after he successfully contested the election of
Representative James Chalmers. At age 26, he was the youngest Member of the
43rd Congress. First black Member of the House of Representatives from
Mississippi.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Mines and Mining 43rd-44th
H. Militia 47th
H. Education and Labor 47th
McKINNEY, CYNTHIA A., a Representative from Georgia. Born on March 17,
1955. Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd through 107th Congresses; served from
January 5, 1993, to January 3, 2003; elected to the 109th Congress; has served
since January 4, 2005.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Agriculture 103rd
H. Foreign Affairs 103rd
H. International Relations 104th-107th
H. Banking and Financial Services 104th-105th
H. National Security 105th
H. Armed Services 106th-107th, 109th
H. Budget 109th
MAJETTE, DENISE L., a Representative from Georgia. Born on May 18, 1955.
Elected as a Democrat to the 108th Congress; served from January 7, 2003, to
January 3, 2005.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Budget 108th
H. Education and the Workforce 108th
H. Small Business 108th
CRS-25
MEEK, CARRIE P., a Representative from Florida. Born on April 29, 1926.
Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd through 107th Congresses; served from
January 5, 1993, to January 3, 2003. Succeeded by her son, Representative
Kendrick Meek.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Appropriations 103rd, 105th-107th
H. Budget 104th
H. Government Reform and Oversight 104th
MEEK, KENDRICK, a Representative from Florida. Born on September 6, 1966.
Elected to the 108th Congress; reelected to the 109th Congress; has served since
January 7, 2003. Succeeded his mother, Representative Carrie Meek.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Armed Services 108th -109th
H. Homeland Security 108th -109th
MEEKS, GREGORY, a Representative from New York. Born on September 25,
1953. Elected as a Democrat to the 105th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by
the resignation of Representative Floyd Flake; reelected to the 106th through
109th Congresses; has served since February 5, 1998.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Banking and Financial Services 105th-106th
H. Financial Services 107th-109th
H. International Relations 106th-109th
METCALFE, RALPH H., a Representative from Illinois. Born on May 30, 1910;
died on October 10, 1978. Elected as a Democrat to the 92nd through 95th
Congresses; served from January 3, 1971, to October 10, 1978.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Interstate and Foreign Commerce 92nd-95th
H. Merchant Marine and Fisheries 92nd-95th
H. Post Office and Civil Service 95th
CRS-26
MFUME, KWEISI, a Representative from Maryland. Born on October 24, 1948.
Elected as a Democrat to the 100th through 104th Congresses; served from
January 6, 1987, to February 16, 1996, when he resigned to become executive
director of the NAACP. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the 103rd
Congress, 1993-1994. Co-chair of the Democratic Policy Committee in the
104th Congress, 1995-1996.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs 100th-103rd
H. Banking and Financial Services 104th
H. Small Business 100th-104th
H. Education and Labor 101st
H. Select Narcotics Abuse and Control 101st-102nd
Jt. Economic 102nd-104th
H. Standards of Official Conduct 103rd
H. Select Hunger 100th
MILLENDER-McDONALD, JUANITA, a Representative from California. Born on
September 7, 1938. Elected as a Democrat to the 104th Congress to fill the vacancy
caused by the resignation of Representative Walter Tucker; reelected to the 105th
through 109th Congresses; has served since April 16, 1996.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Small Business 104th-109th
H. Transportation and Infrastructure 104th-109th
H. Administration 108th-109th
Jt. Library 108th
MILLER, THOMAS E., a Representative from South Carolina. Born on June 17,
1849; died on April 8, 1936. Elected as a Republican to the 51st Congress;
served from September 24, 1890, to March 3, 1891, when he successfully
contested the election of William Elliott.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Library of Congress 51st
CRS-27
MITCHELL, ARTHUR W., a Representative from Illinois. Born on December 22,
1883; died on May 9, 1968. Elected as a Democrat to the 74th through 77th
Congresses; served from January 3, 1935, to January 3, 1943. First black
Democrat elected to Congress.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Post Office and Post Roads 74th-77th
MITCHELL, PARREN J., a Representative from Maryland. Born on April 29, 1922.
Elected as a Democrat to the 92nd through 99th Congresses; served from January
3, 1971, to January 3, 1987. First black Member of Congress from Maryland.
Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus during the 95th Congress, 1977-1978.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Banking and Currency 92nd-93rd
H. Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs 94th-99th
H. Select Small Business 92nd-93rd
H. Small Business 94th, 96th-99th
(committee chair, 97th-99th)
H. Budget 93rd -95th
Jt. Defense Production 94th-95th
Jt. Economic 95th-99th
MOORE, GWEN, a Representative from Wisconsin. Born on April 18, 1951.
Elected as Democrat to the 109th Congress; has served since January 4, 2005.
First black Member of Congress from Wisconsin.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Financial Services 109th
H. Small Business 109th
MOSELEY-BRAUN, CAROL, a Senator from Illinois. Born on August 16, 1947.
Elected as a Democrat to a six- year term beginning with the 103rd Congress
and served through the105th Congress; from January 5, 1993, to January 3, 1999.
First black woman and black Democrat to serve in the Senate. Ambassador to
New Zealand from 1999-2001; candidate for U.S. President in 2004.
Committee Assignments Congress
S. Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs 103rd-105th
S. Judiciary 103rd
S. Small Business 103rd
S. Finance 104th-105th
S. Special Aging 104th-105th
CRS-28
MURRAY, GEORGE W., a Representative from South Carolina. Born on
September 22, 1853; died on April 21, 1926. Elected as a Republican to the
53rd and 54th Congresses; served from March 4, 1893, to March 3, 1895, and
from June 4, 1896, to March 3, 1897 (successfully contested an election).
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Education 53rd-54th
H. Expenditures in the Treasury
Department
54th
NASH, CHARLES E., a Representative from Louisiana. Born on May 23, 1844;
died on June 21, 1913. Elected as a Republican to the 44th Congress; served
from March 4, 1875, to March 3, 1877. First black Member of Congress from
Louisiana.
Committee Assignment Congress
H. Education and Labor 44th
NIX, ROBERT N.C., Sr., a Representative from Pennsylvania. Born on August 9,
1905; died on June 22, 1987. Elected as a Democrat to the 85th Congress to fill
the vacancy caused by the resignation of Representative Earl Chudoff; reelected
to the 86th through 95th Congresses; served from June 4, 1958, to January 3,
1979. First black Member of Congress from Pennsylvania.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Merchant Marine and Fisheries 85th-86th
H. Foreign Affairs 87th-93rd
H. International Relations 94th-95th
H. Veterans’ Affairs 85th-86th
H. Post Office and Civil Service 88th-95th
(committee chair, 95th)
H. Select Standards and Conduct 89th
H. Crime 91st
CRS-29
NORTON, ELEANOR HOLMES, a Delegate from the District of Columbia. Born
on June 13, 1937. Elected as a Democrat to the 102nd through 108th Congresses;
reelected to the 109th Congress; has served since January 3, 1991.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. District of Columbia 102nd-103rd
H. Post Office and Civil Service 102nd-103rd
H. Public Works and Transportation 102nd-103rd
H. Transportation and Infrastructure 104th-109th
H. Government Reform and Oversight 104th-105th
H. Small Business 104th
Jt. Committee on the Organization of
Congress
102nd-103rd
H. Government Reform 106th-109th
H. Homeland Security 108th-109th
OBAMA, BARACK, a Senator from Illinois. Born on August 4, 1961. Elected as
a Democrat to a six-year term beginning with the 109th Congress; has served
since January 4, 2005. First black male Democrat elected to the Senate.
Committee Assignments Congress
S. Environment and Public Works 109th
S. Foreign Relations 109th
S. Veterans’ Affairs 109th
O’HARA, JAMES E., a Representative from North Carolina. Born on February 26,
1844; died on September 15, 1905. Elected as a Republican to the 48th and 49th
Congresses; served from March 4, 1883, to March 3, 1887.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Mines and Mining 48th
H. Expenditures on Public Buildings 49th
H. Invalid Pensions 49th
CRS-30
OWENS, MAJOR R., a Representative from New York. Born on June 28, 1936.
Elected as a Democrat to the 98th through 108th Congresses; reelected to the
109th Congress; has served since January 3, 1983.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Education and Labor 98th-103rd
H. Economic and Educational
Opportunities
104th
H. Government Operations 98th-103rd
H. Government Reform and Oversight 104th-105th
H. Education and the Workforce 105th-109th
H. Government Reform 106th-109th
PAYNE, DONALD M., a Representative from New Jersey. Born on July 16, 1934.
Elected as a Democrat to the 101st through 108th Congresses; reelected to the
109th Congress; has served since January 3, 1989. First black Member of
Congress from New Jersey. Chair of the Congressional Black Caucus in the
104th Congress, 1995-1996.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Education and Labor 101st-103rd
H. Economic and Educational Opportunities 104th
H. Education and the Workforce 105th-109th
H. Foreign Affairs 101st-103rd
H. Government Operations 101st-103rd
H. International Relations 104th-109th
POWELL, ADAM CLAYTON, Jr., a Representative from New York. Born on
November 29, 1908; died on April 4, 1972. Elected as a Democrat to the 79th
through 90th Congresses, but was not seated in the 90th Congress (excluded from
that Congress on March 1, 1967). He served from January 3, 1945, to January
3, 1967. In April 1967, he was reelected in a special election to the seat from
which he had been excluded, but he did not attempt to take the oath of office.
He was reelected to the 91st Congress and served from January 3, 1969, to
January 3, 1971. First black Member of Congress from New York.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Indian Affairs 79th
H. Invalid Pensions 79th
H. Labor 79th
H. Education and Labor 80th-89th, 91st
(committee chair, 87th-89th)
H. Interior and Insular Affairs 84th-86th
CRS-31
RAINEY, JOSEPH H., a Representative from South Carolina. Born on June 21,
1832; died on August 2, 1887. Elected as a Republican to the 41st Congress
when the House declared the seat of Representative Benjamin Whittemore
vacant; reelected to the 42nd through 45th Congresses; served from December 12,
1870, to March 3, 1879. First black Member of the House of Representatives
and first black Member of Congress from South Carolina.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Freedmen’s Affairs 41st-42nd
H. Indian Affairs 43rd
H. Invalid Pensions 44th-45th
H. Select Celebration of Proposed
National Census of 1875
43rd
RANGEL, CHARLES B., a Representative from New York. Born on June 11,
1930. Elected as a Democrat to the 92nd through 108th Congresses; reelected to
the 109th Congress; has served since January 3, 1971. Chair of the
Congressional Black Caucus during the 94th Congress, 1975.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Public Works 92nd
H. Science and Astronautics 92nd
H. Judiciary 92nd-93rd
H. District of Columbia 93rd
H. Ways and Means 94th-109th
H. Select Crime 92nd-93rd
H. Select Narcotics Abuse and Control 94th-102nd
(committee chair, 98th-102nd)
Jt. Taxation 104th-105th
RANSIER, ALONZO J., a Representative from South Carolina. Born on January 3,
1834; died on August 17, 1882. Elected as a Republican to the 43rd Congress;
served from March 3, 1873, to March 3, 1875.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Manufactures 43rd
RAPIER, JAMES T., a Representative from Alabama. Born on November 13, 1837;
died on May 31, 1883. Elected as a Republican to the 43rd Congress; served
from March 4, 1873, to March 3, 1875.
Committee Assignment Congress
H. Education and Labor 43rd
CRS-32
REVELS, HIRAM R., a Senator from Mississippi. Born on September 27, 1827;
died on January 16, 1901. Elected as a Republican to the 41st Congress after
Mississippi was readmitted to the union, and served from February 25, 1870, to
March 3, 1871. First black Member of Congress; first black Senator; first black
Republican elected to Congress; first black Member of Congress from
Mississippi.
Committee Assignments Congress
S. Education and Labor 41st
S. District of Columbia 41st
REYNOLDS, MELVIN J., a Representative from Illinois. Born on January 8, 1952.
Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd and 104th Congresses; served from January
5, 1993, until his resignation on October 1, 1995.
Committee Assignment Congress
H. Ways and Means 103rd
H. Economic and Educational
Opportunities
104th
RUSH, BOBBY L., a Representative from Illinois. Born on November 23, 1946.
Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd through 108th Congresses; reelected to the
109th Congress; has served since January 5, 1993.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs 103rd
H. Government Operations 103rd
H. Science, Space, and Technology 103rd
H. Commerce 104th-106th
H. Energy and Commerce 107th-109th
SAVAGE, GUS, a Representative from Illinois. Born on October 30, 1925. Elected
as a Democrat to the 97th through 102nd Congresses; served from January 3,
1981, to January 3, 1993.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Post Office and Civil Service 97th
H. Public Works and Transportation 97th-102nd
H. Small Business 97th-102nd
CRS-33
SCOTT, DAVID, a Representative from Georgia. Born on June 27, 1946. Elected
as a Democrat to the 108th Congress; reelected to the 109th Congress; has served
since January 7, 2003.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Agriculture 108th -109th
H. Financial Services 108th- 109th
SCOTT, ROBERT C., a Representative from Virginia. Born on April 30, 1947.
Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd through 108th Congresses; reelected to the
109th Congress; has served since January 5, 1993.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Education and Labor 103rd
H. Judiciary 103rd-109th
H. Science, Space, and Technology 103rd
H. Economic and Educational
Opportunities
104th
H. Education and the Workforce 105th-107th, 109th
H. Select U.S. National Security and Military/
Commercial Concerns with the People’s
Republic of China
106th
H. Budget 108th
SMALLS, ROBERT, a Representative from South Carolina. Born on April 5, 1839;
died on February 22, 1915. Elected as a Republican to the 44th, 45th, and 47th
through 49th Congresses. He served from March 4, 1875, to March 3, 1879;
from July 19, 1882, to March 3, 1883, after he successfully contested the
reelection of Representative George Tillman; and from March 18, 1884, to
March 3, 1887, after he was elected to fill the vacancy caused by the death of
Representative Edmund Mackey.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Agriculture 44th, 47th
H. Militia 45th
H. Manufactures 48th
H. War Claims 49th
STEWART, BENNETT M., a Representative from Illinois. Born on August 6, 1912;
died on April 26, 1988. Elected as a Democrat to the 96th Congress; served
from January 3, 1979, to January 3, 1981.
Committee Assignment Congress
H. Appropriations 96th
CRS-34
STOKES, LOUIS, a Representative from Ohio. Born on February 23, 1925. Elected
as a Democrat to the 91st through 105th Congresses; served from January 3,
1969, to January 3, 1999. First black Member of Congress from Ohio. Chair
of the Congressional Black Caucus during the 92nd and 93rd Congresses, 1972-
1974.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Education and Labor 91st
H. Internal Security 91st
H. Appropriations 92nd-105th
H. Budget 95th-96th
H. Standards of Official Conduct 96th-98th, 102nd
(committee chair, 97th-98th,
102nd)
H. Select Assassinations 94th-95th
(committee chair, 95th)
H. Select Intelligence 98th-100th
H. Select to Investigate Arms
Transactions to Iran
100th
THOMPSON, BENNIE G., a Representative from Mississippi. Born on January 28,
1948. Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd Congress to fill the vacancy caused
by the resignation of Representative Mike Espy to become Secretary of
Agriculture; reelected to the 104th through 109th Congresses; has served since
April 20, 1993.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Agriculture 103rd-108th
H. Merchant Marine and Fisheries 103rd
H. Small Business 103rd-104th
H. Budget 105th-107th
H. Homeland Security 108th-109th
TOWNS, EDOLPHUS, a Representative from New York. Born on July 21, 1934.
Elected as a Democrat to the 98th through 108th Congresses; reelected to the
109th Congress; has served since January 3, 1983. Chair of the Congressional
Black Caucus in the 102nd Congress, 1991-1992.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Government Operations 98th-103rd
H. Government Reform and Oversight 104th-105th
H. Government Reform 106th-109th
H. Public Works and Transportation 98th-104th
H. Energy and Commerce 101st-103rd, 107th-109th
H. Commerce 104th-106th
H. Select Narcotics Abuse and Control 98th-102nd
CRS-35
TUCKER, WALTER R., a Representative from California. Born on May 28, 1957.
Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd and 104th Congresses; served from January
5, 1993, until his resignation on December 15, 1995.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Public Works and Transportation 103rd
H. Small Business 103rd-104th
H. Transportation and Infrastructure 104th
TURNER, BENJAMIN S., a Representative from Alabama. Born on March 17,
1825; died on March 21, 1894. Elected as a Republican to the 42nd Congress;
served from March 4, 1871, to March 3, 1873. First black Member of Congress
from Alabama.
Committee Assignment Congress
H. Invalid Pensions 42nd
WALDON, ALTON R., Jr., a Representative from New York. Born on December
21, 1936. Elected as a Democrat to the 99th Congress to fill the vacancy caused
by the death of Representative Joseph Addabo; served from July 29, 1986, to
January 3, 1987.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Education and Labor 99th
H. Small Business 99th
WALLS, JOSIAH T., a Representative from Florida. Born on December 30, 1842;
died on May 5, 1905. Elected as a Republican to the 42nd through 44th
Congresses; served from March 4, 1871, to January 29, 1873 (when his election
was successfully contested); from March 4, 1873, to March 3, 1875; and from
March 4, 1875, to April 19, 1876 (when his election was successfully
contested). First black Member of Congress from Florida.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Militia 42nd-43rd
H. Mileage 44th
CRS-36
WASHINGTON, CRAIG A., a Representative from Texas. Born on October 12,
1941. Elected as a Democrat to the 101st Congress to fill the vacancy caused by
the death of Representative Mickey Leland; reelected to the 102nd and 103rd
Congresses; served from December 9, 1989, to January 3, 1995.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Education and Labor 101st-102nd
H. Judiciary 101st-103rd
H. Energy and Commerce 103rd
H. Government Operations 103rd
H. Select Committee on Narcotics
Abuse and Control
102nd
WASHINGTON, HAROLD D., a Representative from Illinois. Born on April 15,
1922; died on November 25, 1987. Elected as a Democrat to the 97th and 98th
Congresses; served from January 3, 1981, to April 29, 1983, when he resigned
to become Mayor of Chicago, Illinois.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Government Operations 97th
H. Education and Labor 97th-98th
H. Judiciary 97th-98th
WATERS, MAXINE, a Representative from California. Born on August 31, 1938.
Elected as a Democrat to the 102nd through 108th Congresses, reelected to the
109th Congress; has served since January 3, 1991. Chair of the Congressional
Black Caucus in the 105th Congress; vice chair of the Democratic Steering
Committee in the 105th through 108th Congresses; a Democratic Chief Deputy
Whip in the 106th through 109th Congresses.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs 102nd-103rd
H. Banking and Financial Services 104th-106th
H. Financial Services 107th-109th
H. Veterans Affairs 102nd-104th
H. Small Business 103rd-104th
H. Judiciary 105th-109th
CRS-37
WATSON, DIANE E., a Representative from California. Born on November 12,
1933. Elected as a Democrat to the 107th Congress to fill the vacancy caused by
the death of Representative Julian Dixon; reelected to the 108th-109th
Congresses; has served since June 7, 2001.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. International Relations 107th-109th
H. Government Reform 107th-109th
WATT, MELVIN L., a Representative from North Carolina. Born on August 26,
1945. Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd through 108th Congresses; reelected
to the 109th Congress; has served since January 5, 1993. Chair of the
Congressional Black Caucus in the 109th Congress.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs 103rd
H. Banking and Financial Services 104th-106th
H. Financial Services 107th-109th
H. Post Office and Civil Service 103rd
H. Judiciary 103rd-109th
Jt. Economic 107th-108th
WATTS, J.C., Jr., a Representative from Oklahoma. Born on November 18, 1957.
Elected as a Republican to the 104th through 107th Congresses; served from
January 3, 1995, to January 3, 2003. First black Member of Congress from
Oklahoma. Chair of the House Republican Conference in the 106th through
107th Congresses.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Banking and Financial Services 104th
H. National Security 104th-105th
H. Transportation and Infrastructure 105th-106th
H. Armed Services 106th-107th
WHEAT, ALAN D., a Representative from Missouri. Born on October 16, 1951.
Elected as a Democrat to the 98th through 103rd Congresses; served from January
3, 1983, to January 3, 1995.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. District of Columbia 98th-103rd
H. Rules 98th-103rd
H. Select Children, Youth, and Families 98th-102nd
H. Select Hunger 101st-102nd
CRS-38
WHITE, GEORGE H., a Representative from North Carolina. Born on December
18, 1852; died on December 28, 1918. Elected as a Republican to the 55th and
56th Congresses; served from March 4, 1897, to March 3, 1901.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Agriculture 55th
H. District of Columbia 55th-56th
WYNN, ALBERT R., a Representative from Maryland. Born on September 10,
1951. Elected as a Democrat to the 103rd through 108th Congresses; reelected to
the 109th Congress; has served since January 5, 1993.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs 103rd
H. Banking and Financial Services 104th
H. Foreign Affairs 103rd
H. International Relations 104th
H. Post Office and Civil Service 103rd
H. Commerce 105th-106th
H. Energy and Commerce 107th-109th
YOUNG, ANDREW, a Representative from Georgia. Born on March 12, 1932.
Elected as a Democrat to the 93rd through 95th Congresses; served from January
3, 1973, to January 29, 1977, when he resigned to become U.S. Ambassador to
the United Nations. Elected Mayor of Atlanta, Georgia, in 1981.
Committee Assignments Congress
H. Banking, Currency, and Housing 93rd
H. Rules 94th
CRS-39
Table 1. Black Members of Congress — Senate
Name Congress(es) Years State Party
Brooke, Edward W. 90th-95th 1967-1979 MA R
Bruce, Blanche K. 44th-46th 1875-1881 MS R
Moseley-Braun, Carol 103rd-105th 1993-1999 IL D
Obama, Barack 109th- 2005- IL D
Revels, Hiram R.a 41st 1870-1871 MS R
a. Seated after Mississippi was readmitted to the Union on Feb. 23, 1870; first black Member of
Congress.
Table 2. Black Members of Congress —
House of Representatives
Name Congress(es) Years State District* Party
Ballance, Frank W., Jr. 108th 2003-2004 NC 1st D
Bishop, Sanford D., Jr. 103rd- 1993- GA 2nd D
Blackwell, Lucien E.a 102nd-103rd 1991-1995 PA 2nd D
Brown, Corrine 103rd- 1993- FL 3rd D
Burke, Yvonne B. 93rd-95th 1973-1979 CA 28th D
Butterfield, G.K.b 108th- 2004- NC 1st D
Cain, Richard Harvey 43rd
45th
1873-1875
1877-1879
SC AL R
Carson, Julia M. 105th- 1997- IN 10th, 7th D
Cheatham, Henry P. 51st-52nd 1889-1893 NC 2nd R
Chisholm, Shirley A.c 91st-97th 1969-1983 NY 12th D
Christian-Christensen, Donna 105th- 1997- VI AL D
Clay, William L., Sr. 91st-106th 1969-2001 MO 1st D
Clay, William Lacy, Jr. 107th- 2001- MO 1st D
Clayton, Eva M.d 102nd-107th 1992-2003 NC 1st D
Cleaver, Emanuel 109th- 2005- MO 5th D
Clyburn, James E. 103rd- 1993- SC 6th D
Collins, Barbara-Rose 102nd-104th 1991-1997 MI 15th D
CRS-40
Name Congress(es) Years State District* Party
Collins, Cardisse 93rd-104th 1973-1997 IL 7th D
Collins, George W.f 91st-92nd 1970-1972 IL 6th D
Conyers, John, Jr. 89th- 1965- MI 14th D
Crockett, George W.g 96th-101st 1980-1991 MI 13th D
Cummings, Elijah E.h 104th- 1996- MD 7th D
Davis, Artur 108th- 2003- AL 7th D
Davis, Danny K. 105th- 1997- IL 7th D
Dawson, William L.i 78th-91st 1943-1970 IL 1st D
DeLarge, Robert C.j 42nd 1871-1873 SC 2nd R
Dellums, Ronald V. 92nd-105th 1971-1998 CA 8th D
DePriest, Oscar S. 71st-73rd 1929-1935 IL 1st R
Diggs, Charles C., Jr.k 84th-96th 1955-1980 MI 13th D
Dixon, Julian C.l 96th-106th 1979-2000 CA 32nd D
Dymally, Mervyn M. 97th-102nd 1981-1993 CA 31st D
Elliott, Robert B.m 42nd-43rd 1871-1874 SC 3rd R
Espy, Albert M. (Mike)n 100th-103rd 1987-1993 MS 2nd D
Evans, Melvin H. 96th 1979-1981 VI AL R
Fattah, Chaka 104th- 1995- PA 2nd D
Fauntroy, Walter E.o 92nd-101st 1971-1991 DC AL D
Fields, Cleo 103rd-104th 1993-1997 LA 4th D
Flake, Floyd H. 100th-105th 1987-1997 NY 6th D
Ford, Harold E., Jr. 105th- 1997- TN 9th D
Ford, Harold E., Sr. 94th-104th 1975-1997 TN 9th D
Franks, Gary A. 102nd-104th 1991-1997 CT 5th R
Frazer, Victor O. 104th 1995 VI AL D
Gray, William H., IIIp 96th-102nd 1979-1991 PA 2nd D
Green, Al 109th- 2005- TX 9th D
Hall, Katie B.q 97th-98th 1982-1985 IN 1st D
Haralson, Jeremiah 44th 1875-1877 AL 1st R
Hastings, Alcee L. 103rd- 1993- FL 23rd D
CRS-41
Name Congress(es) Years State District* Party
Hawkins, Augustus F. 88th-101st 1963-1991 CA 29th D
Hayes, Charles A.r 98th-102nd 1983-1993 IL 1st D
Hilliard, Earl F. 103rd-107th 1993-2003 AL 7th D
Hyman, John Adams 44th 1875-1877 NC 2nd R
Jackson, Jesse L., Jr.s 104th- 1995- IL 2nd D
Jackson Lee, Sheila 104th- 1995- TX 18th D
Jefferson, William J. 102nd- 1991- LA 2nd D
Johnson, Eddie Bernice 103rd- 1993- TX 30th D
Jones, Stephanie Tubbs 106th- 1999- OH 11th D
Jordan, Barbara C. 93rd-95th 1973-1979 TX 18th D
Kilpatrick, Carolyn C. 105th- 1997- MI 15th, 13th D
Langston, John M.t 51st 1890-1891 VA 4th R
Lee, Barbarau 105th- 1998- CA 9th D
Leland, George T. (Mickey)v 96th-101st 1979-1989 TX 18th D
Lewis, John R. 100th- 1987- GA 5th D
Long, Jefferson F.w 41st 1870-1871 GA 4th R
Lynch, John R.x 43rd-44th
47th
1873-1877
1882-1883
MS 7th R
McKinney, Cynthia A. 103rd- 107th
109th
1993-2003
2005-
GA 4th D
Majette, Denise L. 108th 2003-2005 GA 4th D
Meek, Carrie P. 103rd-107th 1993-2003 FL 17th D
Meek, Kendrick 108th- 2003- FL 17th D
Meeks, Gregoryy 105th- 1998- NY 6th D
Metcalfe, Ralph H.z 92nd-95th 1971-1978 IL 1st D
Mfume, Kweisiaa 100th-104th 1987-1996 MD 7th D
Millender-McDonald,
Juanitaab
104th- 1996- CA 37th D
Miller, Thomas E.ac 51st 1890-1891 SC 7th R
Mitchell, Arthur W. 74th-77th 1935-1943 IL 1st D
Mitchell, Parren J. 92nd-99th 1971-1987 MD 7th D
Moore, Gwen 109th 2005- WI 4th D
CRS-42
Name Congress(es) Years State District* Party
Murray, George W.ad 53rd-54th 1893-1895
1896-1897
SC 7th R
Nash, Charles E. 44th 1875-1877 LA 6th R
Nix, Robert N.C., Sr.ae 85th-95th 1958-1979 PA 2nd D
Norton, Eleanor Holmes 102nd- 1991- DC AL D
O’Hara, James E. 48th-49th 1883-1887 NC 2nd R
Owens, Major R. 98th- 1983- NY 11th D
Payne, Donald M. 101st- 1989- NJ 10th D
Powell, Adam C.,Jr.af 79th-89th
91st
1945-1967
1969-1971
NY 18th D
Rainey, Joseph H.ag 41st-45th 1870-1879 SC 1st R
Rangel, Charles B. 92nd- 1971- NY 15th D
Ransier, Alonzo J. 43rd 1873-1875 SC 2nd R
Rapier, James T. 43rd 1873-1875 AL 2nd R
Reynolds, Melvin J.ah 103rd-104th 1993-1995 IL 2nd D
Rush, Bobby L. 103rd- 1993- IL 1st D
Savage, Gus 97th-102nd 1981-1993 IL 2nd D
Scott, David 108th- 2003- GA 13th D
Scott, Robert C. 103rd- 1993- VA 3rd D
Smalls, Robertai 44th-45th
47th
48th-49th
1875-1879
1882-1883
1884-1887
SC 5th R
Stewart, Bennett M. 96th 1979-1981 IL 1st D
Stokes, Louis 91st-105th 1969-1999 OH 21st D
Thompson, Bennie G.aj 103rd- 1993- MS 2nd D
Towns, Edolphus 98th- 1983- NY 10th D
Tucker, Walter R.ak 103rd-104th 1993-1995 CA 37th D
Turner, Benjamin S. 42nd 1871-1873 AL 1st R
Waldon, Alton R., Jr.al 99th 1986-1987 NY 6th D
Walls, Josiah T.am 42nd
43rd
44th
1871-1873
1873-1875
1875-1876
FL AL R
Washington, Craig A.an 101st-103rd 1989-1995 TX 18th D
CRS-43
Name Congress(es) Years State District* Party
Washington, Harold D.ao 97th-98th 1981-1983 IL 1st D
Waters, Maxine 102nd- 1991- CA 35th D
Watson, Diane E.ap 107th - 2001- CA 32nd, 33rd D
Watt, Melvin L. 103rd- 1993- NC 12th D
Watts, J.C., Jr. 104th-107th 1995-2003 OK 4th R
Wheat, Alan D. 98th-103rd 1983-1995 MO 5th D
White, George H. 55th-58th 1897-1901 NC 2nd R
Wynn, Albert R. 103rd- 1993- MD 4th D
Young, Andrew J.aq 93rd-95th 1973-1977 GA 5th D
* The number noted for a Member’s congressional district is that which is now assigned to it or was
assigned to it when he or she was last in Congress. “AL” indicates that the Member served atlarge.
a. Elected to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Rep. William Gray; seated on Nov. 13,
1991.
b. Elected to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Rep. Frank Ballance, seated on July 21,
2004.
c. First black woman elected to Congress and first black female presidential candidate, 1972.
d. Elected to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Rep. Walter Jones; took office on Nov. 5, 1992.
e. Elected to fill the vacancy caused by the death of her husband, Rep. George W. Collins; seated on
June 7, 1973.
f. Elected to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Rep. Daniel J. Ronan; seated on Nov. 16, 1970.
He was subsequently killed in an airplane crash on Dec. 8, 1972.
g. Elected to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Rep. Charles C. Diggs, Jr.; seated on Nov.
12, 1980.
h. Elected to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Rep. Kweisi Mfume; seated on Apr. 25,
1996.
i. Died on Nov. 9, 1970.
j. Seat declared vacant on January 24, 1873, after Rep. Robert DeLarge’s election was successfully
contested.
k. Resigned from office on June 3, 1980.
l. Died on Dec. 8, 2000.
m. Resigned from office, effective Nov. 1, 1874.
n. Resigned from office on Jan. 25, 1993, to become Secretary of Agriculture.
o. Delegate from the District of Columbia. Elected in a special election and sworn in on Apr. 19,
1971.
p. Resigned from office on Sept. 11, 1991.
q. Elected to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Rep. Adam Benjamin; seated on Nov. 29, 1982.
r. Elected to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Rep. Harold Washington; seated on Sept.
12, 1983.
s. Elected to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Rep. Mel Reynolds; seated on Dec. 14,
1995.
t. Successfully contested the election of Rep. Edward C. Venable and served from Sept. 23, 1890, to
Mar. 3, 1891.
u. Elected to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Rep. Ronald Dellums; seated on Apr. 20,
1998.
v. Died in a plane crash on Aug. 7, 1989, while in Ethiopia on a fact-finding tour investigating hunger
among refugees.
w. Elected to fill the vacancy caused by the House declaring that Rep. Samuel Gove was not entitled
to his seat; served from Dec. 22, 1870, to Mar. 3, 1871.
CRS-44
x. Successfully contested the election of Rep. James R. Chalmers to the 47th Congress; served from
Apr. 29, 1882, to Mar. 3, 1883.
y. Elected to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Rep. Floyd Flake; seated on Feb. 5, 1998.
z. Died on Oct. 10, 1978.
aa. Resigned from office on Feb. 16, 1996.
ab. Elected to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Rep. Walter Tucker; seated on Apr. 16,
1996.
ac. Successfully contested an election; served from Sept. 24, 1890, to Mar. 3, 1891.
ad. Successfully contested an election; served from June 4, 1896, to Mar. 3, 1897.
ae. First elected to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Rep. Earl Chudoff; seated on June 4,
1958.
af. Elected to the 90th Congress, but excluded and not seated. Reelected to the seat vacated by his
exclusion, but never took the oath of office. Reelected to the 91st Congress and seated.
Defeated for renomination to the 92nd Congress in 1970.
ag. First black Member of the U.S. House of Representatives. Elected to the 41st Congress to fill the
vacancy caused by the House declaring the seat of Rep. Benjamin Whittemore vacant. Seated
on Dec. 12, 1870.
ah. Resigned from office on Oct. 1, 1995.
ai. Successfully contested an election and seated in the 47th Congress on July 19, 1882. Subsequently
elected to the 48th-49th Congresses; first elected to the 48th Congress to fill the vacancy caused
by the death of Rep. Edmund Mackey; seated on Mar. 18, 1884.
aj. Elected to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of Rep. Mike Espy; seated on Apr. 20, 1993.
ak. Resigned from office on Dec. 15, 1995.
al. Elected to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Rep. Joseph Addabbo; seated on July 29, 1986.
am. Served from Mar. 4, 1871, until January 29, 1873, when seat was lost to Rep. Silas L. Niblack,
who successfully challenged his election. Served from Mar. 4, 1875, until Apr. 19, 1876, when
seat was lost to Rep. Jesse J. Finley, who successfully challenged his election.
an. Elected to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Rep. Mickey Leland; seated on Dec. 9, 1989.
ao. Resigned on Apr. 29, 1983, to become Mayor of Chicago, IL.
ap. Elected to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Rep. Julian Dixon; seated on June 7, 2001.
aq. Resigned his seat on Jan. 29, 1977, to become U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations.
CRS-45
Table 3. Number and Names of Black Members of Congress, by Congress
No. Chamber Names
109th Congress (2005-2007)
42 House Sanford D. Bishop,Jr.
Corrine Brown
G.K. Butterfield
Julia M. Carson
Donna Christian-
Christensen
William Lacy Clay, Jr.
Emanuel Cleaver
James E. Clyburn
John Conyers, Jr.
Elijah E. Cummings
Artur Davis
Danny K. Davis
Chaka Fattah
Harold E. Ford, Jr.
Al Green
Alcee L. Hastings
Jesse L. Jackson, Jr.
Sheila Jackson Lee
William J. Jefferson
Eddie Bernice Johnson
Stephanie Tubbs Jones
Carolyn Cheeks
Kilpatrick
Barbara Lee
John Lewis
Cynthia McKinney
Kendrick Meek
Gregory W. Meeks
Juanita Millender-
McDonald
Gwen Moore
Eleanor Holmes Norton
Major R. Owens
Donald M. Payne
Charles B. Rangel
Bobby L. Rush
David Scott
Robert C. Scott
Bennie G. Thompson
Edolphus Towns
Maxine Waters
Diane E. Watson
Melvin L. Watt
Albert R. Wynn
1 Senate Barack Obama
108th Congress (2003-2005)a
39 House Frank W. Ballance, Jr.b
Sanford D. Bishop, Jr.
G.K. Butterfield
Corrine Brown
Julia M. Carson
Donna Christian-
Christensen
William Lacy Clay, Jr.
James E. Clyburn
John Conyers, Jr.
Elijah E. Cummings
Artur Davis
Danny K. Davis
Chaka Fattah
Harold E. Ford, Jr.
Alcee L. Hastings
Jesse L. Jackson, Jr.
Sheila Jackson Lee
William J. Jefferson
Eddie Bernice Johnson
Stephanie Tubbs Jones
Carolyn Cheeks
Kilpatrick
Barbara Lee
John Lewis
Kendrick Meek
Gregory W. Meeks
Juanita Millender-
McDonald
Eleanor Holmes Norton
Major R. Owens
Donald M. Payne
Charles B. Rangel
Bobby L. Rush
David Scott
Robert C. Scott
Bennie G. Thompson
Edolphus Towns
Maxine Waters
Diane E. Watson
Melvin L. Watt
Albert R. Wynn
Senate None
CRS-46
No. Chamber Names
107th Congress (2001-2003)c
39 House Sanford D. Bishop Jr.
Corrine Brown
Julia Carson
Donna Christian-
Christensen
William Lacy Clay, Jr.
Eva M. Clayton
James E. Clyburn
John Conyers, Jr.
Elijah E. Cummings
Danny K. Davis
Chaka Fattah
Harold E. Ford, Jr.
Alcee L. Hastings
Earl Hilliard
Jesse L. Jackson, Jr.
Sheila Jackson Lee
William J. Jefferson
Eddie Bernice Johnson
Stephanie Tubbs Jones
Carolyn Cheeks
Kilpatrick
Barbara Lee
John Lewis
Cynthia A. McKinney
Carrie P. Meek
Gregory W. Meeks
Juanita Millender-
McDonald
Eleanor Holmes Norton
Major R. Owens
Donald M. Payne
Charles B. Rangel
Bobby L. Rush
Robert C. Scott
Bennie G. Thompson
Edolphus Towns
Maxine Waters
Diane E. Watson
Melvin L. Watt
J.C. Watts, Jr.
Albert R. Wynn
Senate None
106th Congress (1999-2001)
39 House Sanford D. Bishop, Jr.
Corrine Brown
Julia M. Carson
Donna Christian-
Christensen
William L. Clay, Sr.
Eva M. Clayton
James E. Clyburn
John Conyers, Jr.
Elijah Cummings
Danny K. Davis
Julian C. Dixond
Chaka Fattah
Harold E. Ford, Jr.
Alcee L. Hastings
Earl Hilliard
Jesse L. Jackson, Jr.
Sheila Jackson Lee
William J. Jefferson
Eddie Bernice Johnson
Stephanie Tubbs Jones
Carolyn Cheeks
Kilpatrick
Barbara Lee
John Lewis
Cynthia A. McKinney
Carrie P. Meek
Gregory W. Meeks
Juanita Millender-
McDonald
Eleanor Holmes Norton
Major R. Owens
Donald M. Payne
Charles B. Rangel
Bobby L. Rush
Robert C. Scott
Bennie G. Thompson
Edolphus Towns
Maxine Waters
Melvin L. Watt
J.C. Watts, Jr.
Albert R. Wynn
Senate None
CRS-47
No. Chamber Names
105th Congress (1997-1999)e
39 House Sanford D. Bishop, Jr.
Corrine Brown
Julia M. Carson
Donna M. Christian-
Green
William L. Clay, Sr.
Eva M. Clayton
James E. Clyburn
John Conyers, Jr.
Elijah Cummings
Danny K. Davis
Ronald V. Dellumsf
Julian C. Dixon
Chaka Fattah
Floyd Flakeg
Harold E. Ford, Jr.
Alcee L. Hastings
Earl Hilliard
Jesse L. Jackson, Jr.
Sheila Jackson Lee
William J. Jefferson
Eddie Bernice Johnson
Carolyn Cheeks
Kilpatrick
Barbara Lee
John Lewis
Cynthia A. McKinney
Carrie P. Meek
Gregory W. Meeks
Juanita Millender-
McDonald
Eleanor Holmes Norton
Major R. Owens
Donald M. Payne
Charles B. Rangel
Bobby Rush
Robert Scott
Louis Stokes
Bennie G. Thompson
Edolphus Towns
Maxine Waters
Melvin L. Watt
J.C. Watts, Jr.
Albert R. Wynn
1 Senate Carol Moseley-Braun
104th Congress (1995-1997)h
40 House Sanford D. Bishop, Jr.
Corrine Brown
William L. Clay, Sr.
Eva M. Clayton
James E. Clyburn
Barbara-Rose Collins
Cardiss Collins
John Conyers, Jr.
Elijah E. Cummings
Ronald V. Dellums
Julian C. Dixon
Chaka Fattah
Cleo Fields
Floyd H. Flake
Harold E. Ford, Sr.
Gary Franks
Victor Frazer
Alcee L. Hastings
Earl F. Hilliard
Jesse L. Jackson, Jr.
William J. Jefferson
Eddie Bernice Johnson
Sheila Jackson Lee
John Lewis
Cynthia A. McKinney
Carrie P. Meek
Kweisi Mfumei
Juanita Millender-
McDonald
Eleanor Holmes Norton
Major R. Owens
Donald M. Payne
Charles B. Rangel
Melvin J. Reynoldsj
Bobby L. Rush
Robert Scott
Louis Stokes
Bennie G. Thompson
Edolphus Towns
Walter Tuckerk
Maxine Waters
Melvin L. Watt
J.C. Watts, Jr.
Albert R. Wynn
1 Senate Carol Moseley-Braun
CRS-48
No. Chamber Names
103rd Congress (1993-1995)l
39 House Sanford D. Bishop, Jr.
Lucien Blackwell
Corrine Brown
William L. Clay, Sr.
Eva M. Clayton
James E. Clyburn
Barbara-Rose Collins
Cardiss Collins
John Conyers, Jr.
Ronald V. Dellums
Julian C. Dixon
Mike Espym
Cleo Fields
Floyd H. Flake
Harold E. Ford, Sr.
Gary Franks
Earl F. Hilliard
Alcee L. Hastings
William J. Jefferson
Eddie Bernice Johnson
John Lewis
Cynthia A. McKinney
Carrie P. Meek
Kweisi Mfume
Eleanor Holmes Norton
Major R. Owens
Donald M. Payne
Charles B. Rangel
Melvin J. Reynolds
Bobby L. Rush
Robert Scott
Louis Stokes
Bennie G. Thompson
Edolphus Towns
Walter Tucker
Craig Washington
Maxine Waters
Melvin L. Watt
Alan D. Wheat
Albert R. Wynn
1 Senate Carol Moseley-Braun
102nd Congress (1991-1993)n
27 House Lucien Blackwell
William L. Clay, Sr.
Eva M. Clayton
Barbara-Rose Collins
Cardiss Collins
John Conyers, Jr.
Ronald V. Dellums
Julian C. Dixon
Mervyn M. Dymally
Mike Espy
Floyd H. Flake
Harold E. Ford, Sr.
Gary Franks
William Gray, IIIo
Charles A. Hayes
William J. Jefferson
John Lewis
Kweisi Mfume
Eleanor Holmes Norton
Major R. Owens
Donald M. Payne
Charles B. Rangel
Gus Savage
Louis Stokes
Edolphus Towns
Craig A. Washington
Maxine Waters
Alan D. Wheat
Senate None
101st Congress (1989-1991)p
24 House William L. Clay, Sr.
Cardiss Collins
John Conyers, Jr.
George Crockett
Ronald V. Dellums
Julian C. Dixon
Mervyn M. Dymally
Mike Espy
Walter E. Fauntroy
Floyd H. Flake
Harold E. Ford, Sr.
William H. Gray, III
Augustus F. Hawkins
Charles A. Hayes
Mickey Lelandq
John Lewis
Kweisi Mfume
Major R. Owens
Donald M. Payne
Charles B. Rangel
Gus Savage
Louis Stokes
Edolphus Towns
Craig A. Washington
Alan D. Wheat
Senate None
CRS-49
No. Chamber Names
100th Congress (1987-1989)
23 House William L. Clay, Sr.
Cardiss Collins
John Conyers, Jr.
George W. Crockett
Ronald V. Dellums
Julian C. Dixon
Mervyn M. Dymally
Mike Espy
Walter E. Fauntroy
Floyd H. Flake
Harold E. Ford, Sr.
William H. Gray, III
Augustus F. Hawkins
Charles A. Hayes
Mickey Leland
John Lewis
Kweisi Mfume
Major R. Owens
Charles B. Rangel
Gus Savage
Louis Stokes
Edolphus Towns
Alan D. Wheat
Senate None
99th Congress (1985-1987)
21 House William L. Clay, Sr.
Cardiss Collins
John Conyers, Jr.
George W. Crockett
Ronald V. Dellums
Julian C. Dixon
Mervyn M. Dymally
Walter E. Fauntroy
Harold E. Ford Sr.
William H. Gray, III
Augustus F. Hawkins
Charles A. Hayes
Mickey Leland
Parren J. Mitchell
Major R. Owens
Charles B. Rangel
Gus Savage
Louis Stokes
Edolphus Towns
Alton Waldon, Jr.
Alan D. Wheat
Senate None
98th Congress (1983-1985)r
21 House William L. Clay, Sr.
Cardiss Collins
John Conyers, Jr.
George W. Crockett
Ronald V. Dellums
Julian C. Dixon
Mervyn M. Dymally
Walter E. Fauntroy
Harold E. Ford, Sr.
William H. Gray, III
Katie Hall
Augustus F. Hawkins
Charles A. Hayes
Mickey Leland
Parren J. Mitchell
Major R. Owens
Charles B. Rangel
Gus Savage
Louis Stokes
Edolphus Towns
Harold D. Washingtons
Alan D. Wheat
Senate None
97th Congress (1981-1983)
19 House Shirley A. Chisholm
William L. Clay Sr.
Cardiss Collins
John Conyers, Jr.
George W. Crockett
Ronald V. Dellums
Julian C. Dixon
Mervyn M. Dymally
Walter E. Fauntroy
Harold E. Ford, Sr.
William H. Gray, III
Katie B. Hall
Augustus F. Hawkins
Mickey Leland
Parren J. Mitchell
Charles R. Rangel
Gus Savage
Louis Stokes
Harold D. Washington
Senate None
CRS-50
No. Chamber Names
96th Congress (1979-1981)t
17 House Shirley A. Chisholm
William L. Clay, Sr.
Cardiss Collins
John Conyers, Jr.
George W. Crockett
Ronald V. Dellums
Charles C. Diggs, Jr.u
Julian C. Dixon
Melvin H. Evans
Walter E. Fauntroy
Harold E. Ford, Sr.
William H. Gray, III
Augustus F. Hawkins
Mickey Leland
Parren J. Mitchell
Charles B. Rangel
Bennett M. Stewart
Louis Stokes
Senate None
95th Congress (1977-1979)
17 House Yvonne B. Burke
Shirley A. Chisholm
William L. Clay, Sr.
Cardiss Collins
John Conyers, Jr.
Ronald V. Dellums
Charles C. Diggs, Jr.
Walter E. Fauntroy
Harold E. Ford, Sr.
Augustus F. Hawkins
Barbara C. Jordan
Ralph H. Metcalfe
Parren J. Mitchell
Robert N.C. Nix, Sr.
Charles B. Rangel
Louis Stokes
Andrew J. Young
1 Senate Edward W. Brooke
94th Congress (1975-1977)
17 House Yvonne B. Burke
Shirley A. Chisholm
William L. Clay, Sr.
Cardiss Collins
John Conyers, Jr.
Ronald V. Dellums
Charles C. Diggs, Jr.
Walter E. Fauntroy
Harold E. Ford, Sr.
Augustus F. Hawkins
Barbara C. Jordan
Ralph W. Metcalfe
Parren J. Mitchell
Robert N.C. Nix, Sr.
Charles B. Rangel
Louis Stokes
Andrew J. Young
1 Senate Edward W. Brooke
93rd Congress (1973-1975)
16 House Yvonne B. Burke
Shirley A. Chisholm
William L. Clay, Sr.
Cardiss Collins
John Conyers, Jr.
Ronald V. Dellums
Charles C. Diggs ,Jr.
Walter E. Fauntroy
Augustus F. Hawkins
Barbara C. Jordan
Ralph H. Metcalfe
Parren J. Mitchell
Robert N.C. Nix, Sr.
Charles B. Rangel
Louis Stokes
Andrew J. Young
1 Senate Edward W. Brooke
92nd Congress (1971-1973)
13 House Shirley A. Chisholm
William L. Clay, Sr.
George W. Collins
John Conyers, Jr.
Ronald V. Dellums
Charles C. Diggs, Jr.
Walter E. Fauntroy
Augustus F. Hawkins
Ralph H. Metcalfe
Parren J. Mitchell
Robert N.C. Nix,Sr.
Charles B. Rangel
Louis Stokes
1 Senate Edward W. Brooke
CRS-51
No. Chamber Names
91st Congress (1969-1971)
10 House Shirley A. Chisholm
William L. Clay, Sr.
George W. Collins
Augustus F. Hawkins
John Conyers, Jr.
William L. Dawson
Charles C. Diggs, Jr.
Robert N.C. Nix
Adam C. Powell, Jr.
Louis Stokes
1 Senate Edward W. Brooke
90th Congress (1967-1969)v
5 House John Conyers, Jr.
William L. Dawson
Charles C. Diggs, Jr.
Augustus F. Hawkins
Robert N.C. Nix, Sr.
1 Senate Edward W. Brooke
89th Congress (1965-1967)
6 House John Conyers, Jr.
William L. Dawson
Charles Diggs, Jr.
Augustus F. Hawkins
Robert N.C. Nix, Sr.
Adam Clayton Powell
Senate None
88th Congress (1963-1965)
5 House: William L. Dawson
Charles C. Diggs, Jr.
Augustus F. Hawkins
Robert N.C. Nix, Sr.
Adam C. Powell, Jr.
Senate None
85th - 87th Congresses (1957-1963)
4 House William L. Dawson
Charles C. Diggs, Jr.
Robert N.C. Nix, Sr.
Adam C. Powell, Jr.
Senate None
84th Congress (1955-1957)
3 House William L. Dawson Charles C. Diggs, Jr. Adam C. Powell, Jr.
79th - 83rd Congresses (1945-1955)
2 House William L. Dawson Adam C. Powell, Jr.
Senate None
78th Congress (1943-1945)
1 House William L. Dawson
Senate None
74th - 77th Congresses (1935-1943)
1 House Arthur W. Mitchell
Senate None
CRS-52
No. Chamber Names
71st - 73rd Congresses (1929-1935)
1 House Oscar S. DePriest
Senate None
57th - 70th Congresses (1901-1929)
House None
Senate None
55th - 56th Congresses (1897-1901)
1 House George H. White
Senate None
53rd - 54th Congresses (1893-1897)
1 House George W. Murray
Senate None
52nd Congress (1891-1893)
1 House Henry P. Cheatham
Senate None
51st Congress (1889-1891)
3 House Henry P. Cheatham John M. Langston Thomas E. Miller
Senate None
50th Congress (1887-1889)
House None
Senate None
48th - 49th Congresses (1883-1887)
2 House James E. O’Hara Robert Smalls
Senate None
47th Congress (1881-1883)
2 House John R. Lynch Robert Smalls
Senate None
46th Congress (1879-1881)
House None
1 Senate Blanche K. Bruce
CRS-53
No. Chamber Names
45th Congress (1877-1879)
3 House Richard H. Cain Joseph H. Rainey Robert Smalls
1 Senate Blanche K. Bruce
44th Congress (1875-1877)
7 House Jeremiah Haralson
John A. Hyman
John R. Lynch
Charles E. Nash
Joseph H. Rainey
Robert Smalls
Josiah T. Wallsw
1 Senate Blanche K. Bruce
43rd Congress (1873-1875)
7 House Richard H. Cain
Robert B. Elliottx
John R. Lynch
Joseph H. Rainey
Alonzo J. Ransier
James T. Rapier
Josiah T. Wallsw
Senate None
42nd Congress (1871-1873)
5 House Robert C. DeLargey
Robert B. Elliott
Joseph H. Rainey
Benjamin S. Turner
Josiah T. Walls
Senate None
41st Congress (1869-1871)z
2 House Jefferson F. Long Joseph H. Rainey
1 Senate Hiram R. Revels
a. Although 40 black individuals were elected to the House for the 108th Congress, 39 was the highest number to
serve at any one time. Rep. Frank Ballance resigned and was replaced by Rep. G. K. Butterfield.
b. Resigned on June 11, 2004.
c. Although 40 black individuals were elected to the House for the 107th Congress, 39 was the highest number to serve
at any one time. Rep. Julian Dixon, who was reelected to the 107th Congress, died before the commencement of
the Congress and was later replaced by Rep. Diane Watson.
d. Died on Dec. 8, 2000.
e. Although 41black individuals were elected to the House in the 105th Congress, 39 was the highest number to serve at
any one time. Rep. Floyd Flake resigned and was replaced by Rep. Gregory Meeks, and Rep. Ron Dellums
resigned and was replaced by Rep. Barbara Lee.
f. Resigned on Feb. 6, 1998.
g. Resigned on Nov. 15, 1997.
h. Although 43 black individuals were elected to the House in the 104th Congress, 40 was the highest number to serve
at any one time. Rep. Melvin J. Reynolds resigned and was replaced by Rep. Jesse L. Jackson, Jr.; Rep. Walter
Tucker resigned and was replaced by Rep. Juanita Millender-McDonald; and Rep. Kweisi Mfume resigned and
was replaced by Rep. Elijah Cummings.
i. Resigned on Feb. 16, 1996.
j. Resigned on Oct. 1, 1995.
k. Resigned on Dec. 15, 1995.
l. Although 40 black individuals were elected to the House in the 103rd Congress, 39 was the largest number to serve
at any one time. Rep. Mike Espy resigned and was replaced by Rep. Bennie Thompson.
m. Resigned on Jan. 25, 1993, to become Secretary of Agriculture.
CRS-54
n. Although 28 black individuals were elected to the House in the 102nd Congress, 27 was the largest number to serve
at any one time. Rep. William Gray resigned and was replaced by Rep. Lucien Blackwell.
o. Resigned on Sept. 11, 1991.
p. Although 25 black individuals were elected to the House in the 101st Congress, 24 was the largest number to serve at
any one time. Rep. Mickey Leland, who was killed in an airplane crash was replaced by Rep. Craig Washington.
q. Died Aug. 2, 1989.
r. Although 22 black individuals were elected to the House in the 98th Congress, 21 was the largest number to serve at
any one time. Rep. Harold Washington resigned and was replaced by Rep. Charles Hayes.
s. Resigned on April 29, 1983.
t. Although 18 individuals were elected to the House in the 96th Congress, 17 was the largest number to serve at any one
time. Rep. Charles Diggs, Jr. resigned and was replaced by Rep. George Crockett.
u. Resigned on June 3, 1980.
v. Rep. Adam Clayton Powell, Jr. was reelected to the 90th Congress, but never took his seat.
w. Resigned from Congress on Jan. 29, 1873, and on April 19, 1876, after his election was successfully contested
during two different Congresses.
x. Resigned from Congress on Nov. 1, 1874.
y. His seat was declared vacant on Jan. 24, 1873, after his election was successfully contested.
z. There were no black Members of the U.S. Congress until 1870, the 41st Congress, 2nd session.
CRS-55
Table 4. Number and Names of Black Members
of Congress, by State
State Number Names Years of
Service
Alabama 5 Benjamin S. Turner
James T. Rapier
Jeremiah Haralson
Earl F. Hilliard
Artur Davis
1871-1873
1873-1875
1875-1877
1993-2003
2003-
California 10 Augustus F. Hawkins
Ronald V. Dellums
Yvonne B. Burke
Julian C. Dixon
Mervyn M. Dymally
Maxine Waters
Walter R. Tucker
Juanita Millender-McDonald
Barbara Lee
Diane Watson
1963-1991
1971-1998
1973-1979
1979-2000
1981-1993
1991-
1993-1995
1996-
1998-
2001-
Connecticut 1 Gary A. Franks 1991-1997
District of
Columbia
2 Walter E. Fauntroy
Eleanor Holmes Norton
1971-1991
1991-
Florida 5 Josiah T. Walls
Alcee L. Hastings
Corrine Brown
Carrie P. Meek
Kendrick Meek
1871-1876
1993-
1993-
1993-2003
2003-
Georgia 7 Jefferson F. Long
Andrew J. Young
John R. Lewis
Sanford D. Bishop, Jr.
Cynthia A. McKinney
Denise L. Majette
David Scott
1870-1871
1973-1977
1987-
1993-
1993-2003,
2005-
2003-2005
2003-
CRS-56
State Number Names Years of
Service
Illinois 16 Oscar S. DePriest
Arthur W. Mitchell
William L. Dawson
George W. Collins
Ralph H. Metcalfe
Cardiss Collins
Bennett M. Stewart
Gus Savage
Harold D. Washington
Charles A. Hayes
Carol Moseley-Brauna
Melvin J. Reynolds
Bobby L. Rush
Jesse L. Jackson, Jr.
Danny K. Davis
Barack O bamaa
1929-1935
1935-1943
1943-1970
1970-1972
1971-1978
1973-1997
1979-1981
1981-1993
1981-1983
1983-1993
1993-1999
1993-1995
1993-
1995-
1997-
2005-
Indiana 2 Katie B. Hall
Julia Carson
1982-1985
1997-
Louisiana 3 Charles E. Nash
William J. Jefferson
Cleo Fields
1875-1877
1991-
1993-1997
Maryland 4 Parren J. Mitchell
Kweisi Mfume
Albert R. Wynn
Elijah E. Cummings
1971-1987
1987-1996
1993-
1996-
Massachusetts 1 Edward W. Brookea 1967-1979
Michigan 5 Charles C. Diggs, Jr.
John Conyers, Jr.
George W. Crockett
Barbara-Rose Collins
Carolyn Cheeks Kilpatrick
1955-1980
1965-
1980-1991
1991-1997
1997-
Mississippi 5 Hiram R. Revelsa
John R. Lynch
Blanche K. Brucea
Albert M. (Mike) Espy
Bennie G. Thompson
1870-1871
1873-1877
1882-1883
1875-1881
1987-1993
1993-
Missouri 4 William L. Clay, Sr.
Alan D. Wheat
William Lacy Clay, Jr.
Emanuel Cleaver
1969-2001
1983-1995
2001-
2005-
New Jersey 1 Donald M. Payne 1989-
CRS-57
State Number Names Years of
Service
New York 8 Adam Clayton Powell, Jr.
Shirley A. Chisholm
Charles B. Rangel
Major R. Owens
Edolphus Towns
Alton R. Waldon, Jr.
Floyd H. Flake
Gregory Meeks
1945-1967
1969-1971
1969-1983
1971-
1983-
1983-
1986-1987
1987-1997
1998-
North Carolina 8 John A. Hyman
James E. O’Hara
Henry P. Cheatham
George H. White
Eva M. Clayton
Melvin L. Watt
Frank W. Ballance, Jr.
G. K. Butterfield
1875-1877
1883-1887
1889-1893
1897-1901
1992-2003
1993-
2003-2004
2004-
Ohio 2 Louis Stokes
Stephanie Tubbs Jones
1969-1999
1999-
Oklahoma 1 J.C. Watts, Jr. 1995-2003
Pennsylvania 4 Robert N.C. Nix, Sr.
William H. Gray, III
Lucien E. Blackwell
Chaka Fattah
1958-1979
1979-1991
1991-1995
1995-
South Carolina 9 Joseph H. Rainey
Robert C. DeLarge
Robert B. Elliott
Richard H. Cain
Alonzo J. Ransier
Robert Smalls
Thomas E. Miller
George W. Murray
James E. Clyburn
1870-1879
1871-1873
1871-1874
1873-1875
1877-1879
1873-1875
1875-1879
1882-1883
1884-1887
1890-1891
1893-1895
1896-1897
1993-
Tennessee 2 Harold E. Ford, Sr.
Harold E. Ford, Jr.
1975-1997
1997-
Texas 6 Barbara C. Jordan
George T. (Mickey) Leland
Craig A. Washington
Eddie Bernice Johnson
Sheila Jackson Lee
Al Green
1973-1979
1979-1989
1991-1995
1993-
1995-
2005-
CRS-58
State Number Names Years of
Service
Virginia 2 John M. Langston
Robert C. Scott
1890-1891
1993-
Virgin Islands 3 Melvin H. Evans
Victor O. Frazer
Donna M. Christian-Christensen
1979-1981
1995-1997
1997-
Wisconsin 1 Gwen Moore 2005-
a. Serves/Served in the Senate.
CRS-59
Table 5. Number of Black Members in the U.S. Congress,
41st-109th Congresses (1870-2005)
Congress Year
Total Black
Members of
Congress
Black
Members of
Housea
Black
Members of
Senate
41st 1869-1871 3 2 1
42nd 1871-1873 5 5 -
43rd 1873-1875 7 7 -
44th 1875-1877 8 7 1
45th 1877-1879 4 3 1
46th 1879-1881 1 - 1
47th 1881-1883 2 2 -
48th 1883-1885 2 2 -
49th 1885-1887 2 2 -
50th 1887-1889 - - -
51st 1889-1891 3 3 -
52nd 1891-1893 1 1 -
53rd 1893-1895 1 1 -
54th 1895-1897 1 1 -
55th 1897-1899 1 1 -
56th 1899-1901 1 1 -
57th 1901-1903 - - -
58th 1903-1905 - - -
59th 1905-1907 - - -
60th 1907-1909 - - -
61st 1909-1911 - - -
62nd 1911-1913 - - -
63rd 1913-1915 - - -
64th 1915-1917 - - -
65th 1917-1919 - - -
66th 1919-1921 - - -
67th 1921-1923 - - -
CRS-60
Congress Year
Total Black
Members of
Congress
Black
Members of
Housea
Black
Members of
Senate
68th 1923-1925 - - -
69th 1925-1927 - - -
70th 1927-1929 - - -
71st 1929-1931 1 1 -
72nd 1931-1933 1 1 -
73rd 1933-1935 1 1 -
74th 1935-1937 1 1 -
75th 1937-1939 1 1 -
76th 1939-1941 1 1 -
77th 1941-1943 1 1 -
78th 1943-1945 1 1 -
79th 1945-1947 2 2 -
80th 1947-1949 2 2 -
81st 1949-1951 2 2 -
82nd 1951-1953 2 2 -
83rd 1953-1955 2 2 -
84th 1955-1957 3 3 -
85th 1957-1959 4 4 -
86th 1959-1961 4 4 -
87th 1961-1963 4 4 -
88th 1963-1965 5 5 -
89th 1965-1967 6 6 -
90th 1967-1969 6 5 1
91st 1969-1971 11 10 1
92nd 1971-1973 14 13 1
93rd 1973-1975 17 16 1
94th 1975-1977 18 17 1
95th 1977-1979 18 17 1
96th 1979-1981 17 17 -
CRS-61
Congress Year
Total Black
Members of
Congress
Black
Members of
Housea
Black
Members of
Senate
97th 1981-1983 19 19 -
98th 1983-1985 21 21 -
99th 1985-1987 21 21 -
100th 1987-1989 23 23 -
101st 1989-1991 24 24 -
102nd 1991-1993 27 27 -
103rd 1993-1995 40 39 1
104th 1995-1997 41 40 1
105th 1997-1999 40 39 1
106th 1999-2001 39 39 0
107th 2001-2003 39 39 0
108th 2001-2003 39 39 0
109th 2003-2005 43 42 1
a. The numbers here reflect the highest number of black Members to serve in the House at any one
time during a Congress. For example, a record number of 43 black Members was elected to the
104th Congress, but only 40 served at any one time during that Congress.
John Conyers Jr. (D-MI) holds the record for length of service by a black
Member (40 years). He was first elected to the 89th Congress and has served since
January 3, 1965.
Eighteen black Members were first elected to fill vacancies in the House. They
include Representative Cardiss Collins (D-IL, 1973-1997), who was elected to fill the
vacancy caused by the death of her husband, Representative George Collins (D-IL,
1970-1972). The others were Representatives Eva Clayton (D-NC), Katie Hall (DIN),
Robert N.C. Nix, Sr. (D-PA), George Collins (D-IL), Charles Hayes (D-IL),
Bennett Stewart (D-IL), George W. Crockett, Jr. (D-MI), Lucien Blackwell (D-PA),
Jesse Jackson, Jr. (D-IL), Elijah Cummings (D-MD), Barbara Lee (D-CA), Craig
Washington (D-TX), Bennie Thompson (D-MS), Alton Waldon, Jr. (D-NY), Gregory
Meeks (D-NY), Juanita Millender-McDonald (D-CA), Diane Watson (D-CA), and
G.K. Butterfield (D-NC). All of these Members, except Representatives Stewart and
Walden, were subsequently elected to additional terms.

Female Members
Fourteen black women serve in the 109th Congress, all in the House. A record
number of 15 black women served in the 107th Congress, all in the House. A total
of 24 black women have served in Congress. The first was Representative Shirley
Chisholm (D-NY, 1969-1983). Senator Carol Moseley-Braun (D-IL, 1993-1999) is
the only black woman to have served in the Senate. The black female Members of
the 109th Congress include Delegates Eleanor Holmes Norton (D-DC) and Donna
Christian-Christensen (D-VI) and Representatives Maxine Waters (D-CA), Corinne
Brown (D-FL), Eddie Bernice Johnson (D-TX), Sheila Jackson Lee (D-TX), Barbara
Lee (D-CA), Juanita Millender-McDonald (D-CA), Julia Carson (D-IN), Carolyn
Cheeks Kilpatrick (D-MI), Stephanie Tubbs Jones (D-OH), Diane Watson (D-CA),
Cynthia McKinney (D-GA), and Gwen Moore (D-WI). The other black female
Members are Cardiss Collins (D-IL, 1973-1997), Barbara-Rose Collins (D-MI, 1991-
1997), Yvonne Brathwaite Burke (D-CA, 1973-1979), Katie Hall (D-IN, 1982-1985),
Barbara Jordan (D-TX, 1973-1979), Eva Clayton (D-NC, 1992-2003), Carrie Meek
(D-FL, 1993-2003), and Denise Majette (D-GA, 2003-2005).
Relationships
Three incumbent black Members, all serving in the 109th Congress, are the sons
of former Members: Representative William Lacy Clay Jr. (D-MO), the son of
Representative William L. Clay Sr. (D-MO, 1969-2001), Representative Harold Ford
Jr. (D-TN, 1997-present), the son of Representative Harold Ford Sr. (D-TN, 1975-
1997), and Representative Kendrick Meek (D-FL), the son of Representative Carrie
CRS-3
Meek (D-FL, 1993-2003). All directly succeeded their parents. In addition,
Representative Cardiss Collins (D-IL, 1973-1997) succeeded her husband,
Representative George Collins (D-IL, 1970-1972). Representative George White (RNC,
1897-1901) was the brother-in-law of Representative Henry Cheatham (R-NC,
1889-1893).
Oldest and Youngest Black Members
The oldest black Member to be elected to the House, Representative George
Crockett (D-MI, 1980-1991), won his first election at 71, followed by Representative
Charles Hayes (D-IL, 1983-1993), who was first elected at 65. At age 47, Senator
Edward Brooke (R-MA, 1969-1979) became the oldest black Senator elected to a
first term.
The youngest elected black Member was Representative John Lynch (R-MS,
1873-1877, 1882-1883), who was first elected at age 25, followed by Representative
Harold Ford, Jr. (D-TN; 1997-present), who was first elected at age 26. At age 33,
Senator Blanche Bruce (R-MS, 1875-1881) was the youngest black Senator elected to a first term.
http://www.senate.gov/reference/resources/pdf/RL30378.pdf

Subject: Re: Re-evaluation
From: CONFUSED
To: All
Date Posted: 14:33:13 07/05/07 ()
Email Address: dan@yahoo.com
Entered From: 79-66-114-232.dynamic.dsl.as9105.com at 79.66.114.232

Message:
What is the point of this posting........BAMBAY LEF......go take you medication

Subject: WHY THE KONOS WON'T VOTE FOR APC
From: Aiah Gborie
To: All
Date Posted: 10:44:14 07/05/07 ()
Email Address:
Entered From: at 65.91.143.20

Message:
The konos are not fools at all! Our so-called brother-in-law never loved our sister, Sia. He dumped her in London for many years and that was why late Pa Abu Koroma never spoke to Ernest Koroma till his death.

Now that he is dead Ernest Koroma wants to fool the Kono people by pretending to love them. Sam Sumana or no Sam Sumana we will not vote for the APC.

Let him take his love to Kambia where his true love is. We know that.

Subject: Re: WHY THE KONOS WILL INDEED VOTE FOR APC
From: Tamba Fanday
To: All
Date Posted: 11:08:21 07/05/07 ()
Email Address:
Entered From: cache-dtc-ad10.proxy.aol.com at 205.188.116.204

Message:
We Konos will vote for the APC because our son will be Vice President and he will continue to help us.

We do not eat "love". So we don';t care about a candidate's love life. That's his business. Our business is to help our son be vice president. Lonta

Subject: Re: WHY THE KONOS WILL INDEED VOTE FOR APC
From: Aiah Fanday
To: All
Date Posted: 11:30:49 07/05/07 ()
Email Address:
Entered From: at 67.63.2.157

Message:
we konos will not vote for the APC lonta.
Abandon our sister in london, and kicked all of us to the curb. Now that you need help you are back.
This time we will exert revenge bra.

Subject: Re: WHY THE KONOS WILL INDEED VOTE FOR APC
From: Jetly U. Kamara
To: All
Date Posted: 13:03:00 07/05/07 ()
Email Address:
Entered From: c-69-143-53-43.hsd1.va.comcast.net at 69.143.53.43

Message:
Mr. Fanday, please don't let other people laugh at us (Sierra Leoneans). The domestic issues between Earnest and your so-called sister are private matters. I presumed you are some how intellectual to determine the qualities of a presidential aspirant. Using your sister's marrital issues as a basis for electing a national figure is absolutely premature. Please be rational and proof-read your writings before you post them on cyberspace.
Thanks

Subject: Re: WHY THE KONOS WILL INDEED VOTE FOR APC
From: Aiah Fanday
To: All
Date Posted: 13:09:29 07/05/07 ()
Email Address:
Entered From: at 67.63.2.157

Message:
What has proof reading got to do with my message?

Is it full of gramatical errors?

If the answer is no, then allow me to exercise my right as citizen of salone yah. Do yah ar baige you.

Subject: Re: WHY THE KONOS WILL INDEED VOTE FOR APC
From: Finda Gbetuwa
To: All
Date Posted: 13:25:06 07/05/07 ()
Email Address:
Entered From: cache-dtc-ad10.proxy.aol.com at 205.188.116.204

Message:
"If the answer is no, then allow me to exercise my right as citizen of salone yah. Do yah ar baige you."

With all respect, sir, you do not have a right to disgrace Konos.

Me baig you.

Subject: Re: WHY THE KONOS WILL INDEED VOTE FOR APC
From: Aiah Fanday
To: All
Date Posted: 13:31:16 07/05/07 ()
Email Address:
Entered From: at 67.63.2.157

Message:
Finda, are you saying as a citizen of salone, i do not have a right to disagree national issues?

is this the APC strategy?

Subject: Re: WHY THE KONOS WILL INDEED VOTE FOR APC
From: Finda Gbetuwa
To: All
Date Posted: 13:34:14 07/05/07 ()
Email Address:
Entered From: cache-dtc-ad10.proxy.aol.com at 205.188.116.204

Message:
You have a right to disgrace yourself. Not the Kono people.

So say you will vote for Berewa the killer of our sister Kula Samba. Don't say Konos will vote for the killer of their own sister.

Subject: Re: WHY THE KONOS WILL INDEED VOTE FOR APC
From: Aiah Fanday
To: All
Date Posted: 13:54:05 07/05/07 ()
Email Address:
Entered From: at 67.63.2.157

Message:
So you are ready to vote for one who dumped our sister in london and now parading as a good boy because he needs our help. Okay you vote for him, not te hundreds of KONOS

Subject: Re: WHY THE KONOS WILL INDEED VOTE FOR APC
From: Raymond Kamachende
To: All
Date Posted: 12:08:55 07/05/07 ()
Email Address:
Entered From: adsl-074-228-219-218.sip.asm.bellsouth.net at 74.228.219.218

Message:
APC is our party,and if you do not want to vote for them,you can go live with PA BELLEWA. APC OYEA!!!!!!!!!
NOW U SEE WAY WE DAE DANCE FOR WE BROTHER LAW.

Subject: Re: WHY THE KONOS WILL INDEED VOTE FOR APC
From: boli
To: All
Date Posted: 11:58:18 07/05/07 ()
Email Address: boli@yahoo.com
Entered From: 79-66-114-232.dynamic.dsl.as9105.com at 79.66.114.232

Message:
So instead of voting for what a party can do for you, you are voting because your sister was 'dumped'. What an interesting way to choose your political party. Nice one

Subject: Re: WHY THE KONOS WILL INDEED VOTE FOR APC
From: SLPP
To: All
Date Posted: 12:04:37 07/05/07 ()
Email Address:
Entered From: cache-dtc-ad10.proxy.aol.com at 205.188.116.204

Message:
Don't mind him. He is an SLPP apologist looking to distract the people of Sa Lon with salacious nonsensse (as the blind SLPP supporter, CADMUS would put it).

If he wants to talk about "dumped" women we Konos don't), let him go keep compin with Berewa so he can tell him stories from his past....

Subject: Re: WHY THE KONOS WILL INDEED VOTE FOR APC
From: APC
To: All
Date Posted: 12:27:55 07/05/07 ()
Email Address:
Entered From: at 67.63.2.157

Message:
Blama Blama, look motocar. we sha see come august 11. All this yap yap go done.

Subject: Re: WHY THE KONOS WILL INDEED VOTE FOR APC
From: Falmakarta
To: All
Date Posted: 13:28:19 07/05/07 ()
Email Address:
Entered From: cache-dtc-ad10.proxy.aol.com at 205.188.116.204

Message:
Nar dat we kine tell the Bumpe Killer Yoda Belewa wae ee kine boast say hee go be president. LOL

So, the SLPP has become so desperate its blind apologists are now stealing our APC slogan?

As Pa Shaki kine say to dem SLPP bella dem: You faint late!

Subject: Re: WHY THE KONOS WILL INDEED VOTE FOR APC
From: Tamba Fanday
To: All
Date Posted: 11:56:40 07/05/07 ()
Email Address:
Entered From: cache-dtc-ad10.proxy.aol.com at 205.188.116.204

Message:
We Konos want to eat. Your "sister" feelings are not what we eat.

I will tell you again. We will vote for the APC to make our brother Vice president of Salone so he will continue to help us. We will vote APC. Lonta.

As for revenge, we will revenge on the Bumpe Killer, Yoda Solomon BELLEWA FOR KILLING OUR SISTER, KULA SAMBA. And That's why we will also vote against Berewa.

Subject: Re: HOW SUMANA BOUGHT THE RUNNING MATE TICKET
From: Aiah Gborie
To: All
Date Posted: 13:16:12 07/05/07 ()
Email Address:
Entered From: at 65.91.143.20

Message:
This is the truth. Sam Sumana paid Ernest Koroma $5000,000 to be picked as running mate. Money talks and Koroma is a cheap commodity.

How can he abandon the likes of Jalloh and Dauida for only 500,000 dollars? So has he abandoned our sister for a richer dame.

Subject: Re: HOW SUMANA BOUGHT THE RUNNING MATE TICKET
From: Judge
To: All
Date Posted: 13:30:22 07/05/07 ()
Email Address:
Entered From: cache-dtc-ad10.proxy.aol.com at 205.188.116.204

Message:
Untrue, Irrelevant, or Immaterial. So, your points are dismissed with prejudice.

Next time you will go to jail for perjury and on=bstruction of your senses.

Subject: Re: HOW SUMANA BOUGHT THE RUNNING MATE TICKET
From: For Sale
To: All
Date Posted: 13:33:29 07/05/07 ()
Email Address:
Entered From: at 67.63.2.157

Message:
The running mate position had a for-sale sign written all over it. They sold it to the dude with the most money.

The man bribe for im position.

Now you APC guys will not accuse JL of paying for position.

Subject: Re: HOW SUMANA BOUGHT THE RUNNING MATE TICKET
From: Not Interested
To: All
Date Posted: 13:36:36 07/05/07 ()
Email Address:
Entered From: cache-dtc-ad10.proxy.aol.com at 205.188.116.204

Message:
"The running mate position had a for-sale sign written all over it. They sold it to the dude with the most money.

The man bribe for im position."
______________________________________

We are not interested in ytour confession of how Momodu Koroma became Berewa the corrok's runing mate.

Subject: Re: HOW SUMANA BOUGHT THE RUNNING MATE TICKET
From: For Sale
To: All
Date Posted: 13:55:52 07/05/07 ()
Email Address:
Entered From: at 67.63.2.157

Message:
Bo comot nar yah. Stop avoiding the fact. You and i know that your party sold the space to sumana.

Subject: Re: HOW SUMANA BOUGHT THE RUNNING MATE TICKET
From: Not Interested
To: All
Date Posted: 14:24:31 07/05/07 ()
Email Address:
Entered From: cache-mtc-aa04.proxy.aol.com at 64.12.116.8

Message:
You would "know." I don't deal in lies. Or rudeness.

Subject: Re: HOW SUMANA BOUGHT THE RUNNING MATE TICKET
From: Raymond Kamachende
To: All
Date Posted: 14:02:57 07/05/07 ()
Email Address:
Entered From: adsl-074-228-219-218.sip.asm.bellsouth.net at 74.228.219.218

Message:

"Bo comot nar yah. Stop avoiding the fact"

Provide the fact if you think the youngest elected Vice President to be in Salone history bought the SPACE.
LEADERS ARE BORN AND NOT MADE.

Subject: Re: HOW SUMANA BOUGHT THE RUNNING MATE TICKET
From: Sell Pee Pee
To: All
Date Posted: 14:30:58 07/05/07 ()
Email Address:
Entered From: cache-mtc-aa04.proxy.aol.com at 64.12.116.8

Message:
Nor men am. SLPP -- So-so Lie Peope Party.

Subject: Re: HOW SUMANA BOUGHT THE RUNNING MATE TICKET
From: kambo
To: All
Date Posted: 14:11:10 07/05/07 ()
Email Address:
Entered From: at 67.63.2.157

Message:
This one was not born. This is a creation of mammy Koroma.

Does he have a mind of his own( Ernest)?

Subject: The challenges of nation building
From: Onliner
To: All
Date Posted: 10:14:24 07/05/07 ()
Email Address:
Entered From: ppp-70-249-138-254.dsl.rcsntx.swbell.net at 70.249.138.254

Message:
Countries with large endowments of natural resources, such as oil, diamond, and gas often do worse than their poorer neighbors. Their resource wealth frequently leads to lower growth rates, greater volatility, more corruption, and, in extreme cases, devastating civil wars.

Resource curse has plagued many resource-rich societies intensifying economic stagnation, conflict, income inequalities, and political suppression. It is a complex phenomenon with diverse factors operating in each case. In oil-dependent Nigeria for example, the lack of transparency and endemic corruption has preventing billions of dollars being spent on development projects.

Looking beyond oil, diamonds in Sierra Leone have fuelled a rapacious civil war and state collapse undercutting any potential for economic or social progress. Today, after four decades of independence, the challenges of Sierra Leone still loom large.
Albeit its abundant natural resource wealth, Sierra Leone currently has a Human Development Index (HDI) ranking of 176, the second lowest among countries listed by the United Nations Development Program (2005, p. 222).
The demise of the social and political order leading to the war and the collapse of Sierra Leone as a nation can be attributed to a series of factors the most plausible of which was the nature of the relationship between domestic resources, lack of development, education opportunities, social marginalization of the youth, corruption, and unemployment reinforced by acute degree of poverty.

Getting Sierra Leone up and running requires of huge amounts of material, intellectual and other resources including large sums of money from the international community. It will also take time for a country going from chaos to order to resurrect from the ashes of destruction.

As donors design programs and initiatives to move the nation forward, future governments need to create newer opportunities with emphasis on aspects of nation-building not traditionally associated with economic development.

This strategy must effectively ensure core values such as justice, transparency and public dialogue that permeate the country’s overall social and economic objectives. This also requires the implementation of multi-faceted policies that will engage every aspect of the Sierra Leonean society.

The media, citizenry, youths, women, and civil society groups and organizations need to be empowered, engaged, trained and equipped with resources and tools that will enable them to participate in governance. The nation is now emboldened than ever before to call for good governance and hold public officials accountable for their stewardship.

The basic structure remains the same: political, economic, taxation and judicial systems; infrastructure; cultural, educational, and medical institutions; and more. However, because these institutions are so interconnected, fitting them together into a unified, organic whole may be a complex undertaking.

However, the potential exists for Sierra Leone to become a world-leading model of development where natural resources can become a blessing rather than a curse. Imagine a Sierra Leone where citizens can keep an active eye on the progress of government activities and check whether policies are making a difference.

Rather than fierce electoral competition, what a resource-rich country like Sierra Leone needs is a distinctive type of democracy with emphasis on strong checks and balance system.

Imagine a nation where people can give regular feedback on the services provided – and the feedback is taken seriously. Where, if a policy isn’t working as it should, it is scrapped and replaced with something better. Imagine this: a Sierra Leone where informed dialogue between governments and citizens leads to more effective, fair and inclusive policies from which everyone benefits.
Given the large amount of diamonds crossing borders and the ease at which they can be smuggled, high priority should be given to the endorsement of the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme introduced by the international community to ensure that the diamonds leaving one country match those entering another by volume and by value.
Much can be achieved by empowering peer review mechanism groups such as industry and government representatives and NGOs to monitor the statistics and technical issues related to the Kimberly process.
The international community can also do much to assist by promoting templates such as the British-initiated ETTI program (Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative), to make embezzlement of resource rent more difficult.

When transparency and accountability are weak, extractive industries may instead contribute to poverty, corruption, and conflict—the so-called resource curse. The EITI is an important step in defeating this kind of curse.

"In the abundance of water, the fool is thirsty", Bob Marley once said. The people of Sierra Leone do not deserve to be poor or die from preventable and curable deceases and live in darkness.

Sierra Leone is a country potentially richer than some developed and developing nations thanks to its numerous natural resources. The central problem has always been and still remains to be the lack of upright leadership that can harness the country’s wealth in the interest and advancement of the nation.

Evils such as neglect, greed and corruption experienced by the people during the reign of the previous governments still continue prevail.

Good governance is a precondition for converting large revenues from extractive or mining industries mining into economic growth and poverty reduction.

Alas, the situation does not seem to have improved, even with the changes of governments that have taken place over the recent years. Our nation is still at the crossroads preoccupied with challenges rooted in its political culture or lack of it.

Today, the nation’s political landscape is completely different than what it used to be a few decades ago. This means that we can no longer continue to use medieval keys open modern locks. New challenges warrant new solutions, and by not learning from mistakes of the past, we are doomed to make them all over again.

Subject: Is Momodu Koroma fi to be V.P. of Sierra Leone?
From: Saidu Daphay Turay
To: All
Date Posted: 07:53:39 07/05/07 ()
Email Address:
Entered From: pool-70-108-186-218.washdc.east.verizon.net at 70.108.186.218

Message:
"I feel humbled." If my memory serves me well, is this the same Momodu Koroma former presidential minister who refused to grant interview to Joseph S. Sherman and Mr. Evans of Foot Prints newspaper in Freetown, Sierra Leone for an embezzlement scandal at the Sierra Leone Ports Authority. The two journalists contacted him several times to clarify on his alleged involvement in people using his name to evade custom and excise taxes that amounted to billions of Leones lost in government revenue. Also he masterminded the dismissal of several creoles in the treasury department through forceful retirement. With these two sensitive issues, the journalists exhausted time energy to speak with him. So two weeks later the Footprints newspaper came out with the headline, "IS MOMODU KOROMA THE PRESIDENT OF SIERRA LEONE? The story provided evidence of the bill of ladings and documents leaked by a port employee of the deals that was done under Mr. Koroma's name. The Footprint newspaper sold like hot cakes in Freetown. That very day in March of 1997, Mr. Koroma went on national Radio, TV and private media to deny the story. The following morning paramilitary personnel were sent to Footprint’s offices on Short Street to arrest Joseph Sherman (Editor) and Mr. Evans, the proprietor of the newspaper. They were hurriedly whisked off to the Central Police station and charged with possessing "sensitive government documents." After series of interviews with the journalists not succumbing to produce the "sensitive government documents," they were sent to Congo Cross Police station where they spent the night under heavily armed guards. The Journalists hired a lawyer who with the persuasion of the government investigators decided to settle the issue amicably to save the name of Momodu Koroma. Now the question that comes to mind, is such a man who is alleged to be involved in a scandal and nepotism fit to hold the second highest office in the land? By their fruits we shall know them.

Subject: Re: Is Momodu Koroma fi to be V.P. of Sierra Leone?
From: CADMUS
To: All
Date Posted: 11:23:38 07/05/07 ()
Email Address:
Entered From: at 82.198.250.10

Message:
SAIDU PAPHAY TURAY.

You write as follows:..."Such a man who is alleged to be involved in a scandal..."( the last line of your posting)

Mr Turay,remember the word 'alleged'? You used it so you must know the meaning of it. Sa lone, our little Country is full of people who make 'allegations' about other people, and there are many more people about whom allegations have been made. It happens all the time....it is called CONGOSARR. our favourite pasttime.

What we never seem to have in large numbers, and hardly ever do, is the 'EVIDENCE'

What ever was allaged about Momodu, since no documented evidence was ever produced, I believe it is safe to dismiss this as just another political tittle-tattle, at election time.

Subject: Re: Is Momodu Koroma fi to be V.P. of Sierra Leone?
From: Chez Winakabs Europe
To: All
Date Posted: 08:35:18 07/05/07 ()
Email Address:
Entered From: host86-129-198-105.range86-129.btcentralplus.com at 86.129.198.105

Message:
It is a good thing you can remember such and able to give an acurate account of your recollection. Do you know how the conflict was resolved - "...investigators decided to settle the issue amicably to save the name of Momodu Koroma". it was about this same time I got reports regarding him and others at State House confiscating good by returnees. it turned out to be baseless. Fellow, we have brothers and friends or casual acquaitances who can commit such that you described in the names of the real person - imposters. i was a victim for ten years - friends, family members and casual acquaintance used my name for their own purposes. I recall driving to Gatwick in 2003, intending to fly out for a week, when i was arrested for having fled the scene of an accident at Clapham Common in South West London. It later turned out that I had an uncle who has been carrying out these offences using my drivers licence's details which I had given to him to pick up some vehicles some time back.

No defence for momodu but what ever he may have done then, he had learnt from it and I trust he will not mess about with the country in any form of abuse. he will be a 'gonner' the sooner he starts doing that. A chance, as all are appealing, is what is needed to see the works of momodu and his abled president Berewa. Guys, if they fail us their lives and histroy is doomed. if that of their offsprings will be affected - check the others that did the same - where are thy?

Subject: Re: Is Momodu Koroma fi to be V.P. of Sierra Leone?
From: Question
To: All
Date Posted: 09:19:22 07/05/07 ()
Email Address:
Entered From: cache-dtc-ad10.proxy.aol.com at 205.188.116.204

Message:
"No defence for momodu but what ever he may have done then, he had learnt from it and I trust he will not mess about with the country in any form of abuse."

Chez, how do you know that?

Subject: Re: Is Momodu Koroma fi to be V.P. of Sierra Leone?
From: Chez Winakabs Europe
To: All
Date Posted: 09:23:14 07/05/07 ()
Email Address:
Entered From: host86-129-198-105.range86-129.btcentralplus.com at 86.129.198.105

Message:
Because we live in a global village and some in the part of the village can screw them hard if they mess about. Honour and nobility is what the two - BEREWA AND KOROMA MOMODU - seek. Asie that, and they stray from that we will hunt them and the worst in their lives will happen. i once said kabbah will face his wrath and none believe me, if I live to have the audiance, i will bring him to account for his neglect of our good country and people. Momodu and berewa will not dare mess up!!! Trust me.

Subject: Re: Is Momodu Koroma fi to be V.P. of Sierra Leone?
From: Independent Observer
To: All
Date Posted: 09:44:08 07/05/07 ()
Email Address:
Entered From: cache-dtc-ad10.proxy.aol.com at 205.188.116.204

Message:
"Because we live in a global village and some in the part of the village can screw them hard if they mess about."

So Kabbah and Berewa do "not live in global village?"

If they do, why have they been able to mess the lives of millions of Saloneans through that corruption that the UN, Britain, the G8, the World Bank, and EU have condemned them for?

Like some one told you, why are you SLPP apologists so blind, Chez? Have you never heard the wise saying: "Fool, me once, shame on you, fool me twice, shame on me?"

You and you corrupt SLPPers like Kabbah, Berewa, and Momodu Koroma think the people of Salone are fools?

Subject: Re: Is Momodu Koroma fi to be V.P. of Sierra Leone?
From: Lawyer
To: All
Date Posted: 08:07:48 07/05/07 ()
Email Address:
Entered From: at 41.208.135.165

Message:
He was a small man the, but he becomes VP or President, he will desist from such things.Give him a chance, please.

Subject: Re: Is Momodu Koroma fi to be V.P. of Sierra Leone?
From: SLPP
To: All
Date Posted: 09:21:37 07/05/07 ()
Email Address:
Entered From: cache-dtc-ad10.proxy.aol.com at 205.188.116.204

Message:
"He was a small man the, but he becomes VP or President, he will desist from such things.Give him a chance, please."